347Height, Weight, Waist size, and Chest size. A correlation matrix fo dịch - 347Height, Weight, Waist size, and Chest size. A correlation matrix fo Trung (Phồn thể) làm thế nào để nói

347Height, Weight, Waist size, and


347
Height, Weight, Waist size, and Chest size. A correlation matrix for these variables is likely to show large positive correlations between High school GPA, IQ, and SAT scores. Similarly, Height, Weight, Waist and Chest measurements will probably be positively correlated. So, the question is whether High school GPA, IQ, and SAT scores are related because of some underlying, common factor. The answer, of course, is yes, because they are all measures of intelligence. Similarly, Height, Weight, Waist, and Chest measurements are all related to physical size. So the conclusion is that there are only two underlying factors that are being measured by the eight variables, and these factors are intelligence and physical size. These common factors are sometimes called latent variables. Since “intelligence” is an abstract concept, it cannot be measured directly: instead, measures such as GPA, IQ, etc. are used to estimate the intelligence of an individual.
In the simple example presented above, it’s not too difficult to isolate the pattern of correlations that link the variables in the two groups; but when you have hundreds of variables and there are multiple underlying factors, it is much more difficult to identify the factors and the variables associated with each factor.
The purpose of Factor Analysis is to identify a set of underlying factors that explain the relationships between correlated variables. Generally, there will be fewer underlying factors than variables, so the factor analysis result is simpler than the original set of variables.
Principal Component Analysis is very similar to Factor Analysis, and the two procedures are sometimes confused. Both procedures are built on the same mathematical techniques. Factor Analysis assumes that the relationship (correlation) between variables is due to a set of underlying factors (latent variables) that are being measured by the variables.
Principal Components Analysis is not based on the idea that there are underlying factors that are being measured. It is simply a technique for finding a linear combination of the original variables that produce orthogonal (uncorrelated) variables that explain the maximum amount of variance in the original variables. It is often used to reduce the number of variables while retaining most of the predictive power.
The goal of PCA is to rigidly rotate the axes of an n-dimensional space (where n is the number of variables) to a new orientation that has the following properties:
1. The first axis corresponds to the direction with the most variance among the variables, and subsequent axes have progressively less variance in their direction.
2. The correlation between each pair of rotated axes is zero. This is a result of the axes being orthogonal to each other (i.e., they are uncorrelated).
PCA is performed by finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance or correlation matrix. The eigenvectors represent a linear transformation from the original variable coordinates to rotated coordinates that satisfy the criteria listed above. For example, if you have variables X1 through Xn. Then the eigenvector components would be:
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347身高、 體重、 腰圍大小和胸部大小。為這些變數的相關係數矩陣很可能表明高中 GPA、 智商和 SAT 分數大呈正相關。同樣的測量身高、 體重、 腰圍和胸將可能呈正相關。所以,問題是是否高中 GPA、 智商和 SAT 分數有涉及一些基本的、 共同的因素。答案當然是肯定的因為他們都是情報的一切措施。同樣,身高、 體重、 胸部和腰部,測量是所有與相關的物理大小。所以結論是只有兩個由八個變數,被測量的基本因素,這些因素是智力和身體的大小。這些共同的因素有時也稱為潛變數。由於"情報"是一個抽象的概念,不能直接測量: 相反,措施,如 GPA、 智商等,用於估計個人的情報。在上面給出的簡單示例中,它不是太難分離的模式連結中兩組 ; 變數的相關性但當你有幾百個變數,多個潛在因素,這是更難確定的因素和各因素與相關聯的變數。因數分析法的目的是確定一套解釋相關變數之間的關係的根本因素。一般來說,會更少的潛在因素,而不是變數,,所以因素分析的結果是比原始組的變數更簡單。主成分分析是非常相似的因素分析,和這兩種程式有時會感到困惑。這兩個程式都建立在相同的數學技術。因數分析假定變數之間的關係 (相關性) 是一套由變數被度量的基本因素 (潛在變數)。主成分分析法不基於被度量的根本因素的觀點。它是只是一種技術尋找產生解釋原始變數的方差的最大量的正交 (獨立) 變數的原始變數的線性組合。它通常用於減少變數的個數,同時保留大部分的預測能力。主成分分析的目標是剛性旋轉的軸 (其中 n 是變數的數目) n 維空間具有以下屬性的一個新的方向:1.第一軸對應方向與變數的大多數差異和隨後的座標軸有差異逐漸較少在他們的方向。2.每一對旋轉軸之間的相關性為零。這是正在互相正交的軸的結果 (即,它們是不相關的)。PCA 被通過找到的特徵值和特徵向量的共變數或相關矩陣。特徵向量表示為滿足上面列出的標準的旋轉座標從原始變數座標的線性變換。例如,如果您有通過 Xn 變數 X 1。然後將特徵向量元件:
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347
身高,體重,腰圍尺寸和胸部的大小。相關矩陣為這些變量很可能呈現高中GPA,智商和SAT分數之間的大的正相關關係。同樣,身高,體重,腰圍和胸圍可能會被呈正相關。所以,這個問題是因為一些潛在的,共同的因素是否高中GPA,智商和SAT分數有關。答案當然是肯定的,因為他們是智力的一切措施。同樣,身高,體重,腰圍和胸圍都與物理尺寸。所以結論是,只有兩個正在由8個變量測定潛在因素,而這些因素是智能和物理尺寸。這些共同的因素,有時被稱為潛變量。因為“智能”是一個抽象的概念,所以不能直接測量:代替,如全球行動,智商等措施來估計個體的智能。
在簡單示例上面提出,這不是太困難,以隔離在兩組鏈接變量相關性的圖形; 但是,當你有數百個變量和有多個基本因素,它更難以確定與每個因子相關的因素和變量。
因子分析的目的是確定一組解釋的關係基本因素之間相關性變量。一般情況下,會有更少的根本因素不是變量,所以因子分析結果比原設定的變量簡單。
主成分分析是非常相似因素分析,以及兩個程序有時糊塗。這兩種方法都建立在相同的數學技術。因子分析假定變量之間的關係(相關性),是由於一組正由變量測量基本因素(潛變量)。
主成分分析的不是基於這樣的思想,有正在測定的基本因素。它僅僅是為發現產生正交(不相關)變量解釋原始變量方差的最大量原始變量的線性組合的技術。它經常被用於降低變量的數目,同時保持大部分的預測能力。
PCA的目標是剛性地旋轉的n維空間(其中n是變量數)的軸線到一個新的取向具有以下性能:
1。第一軸線對應於與所述變量之間的最方差的方向,以及隨後的軸在它們的方向逐漸變小方差。
2。每對旋轉軸之間的相關性為零。這是作為相互正交的軸的結果(即它們是不相關的)。
PCA通過找到協方差或相關矩陣的特徵值和特徵向量進行。特徵向量表示從原始變量的線性變換坐標,以滿足上面列出的準則旋轉坐標。例如,如果您有通過XN變量X1。然後將特徵向量分量將是:
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347
Height、重量,腰部大小和胸口大小。這些可變物的一個相關矩陣可能顯示高中GPA,智商和SAT比分之間的大正相關。同樣,高度、重量、腰部和胸口測量將肯定地大概被關聯。因此,問題是高中GPA,智商和SAT比分是否是相關的由於一些強調,公因子。答復,當然,是,因為他們是智力所有措施。同樣,高度、重量、腰部和胸口測量全部與物理大小有關。因此結論是只有由八可變物測量的兩個基本的因素,并且這些因素是智力和物理大小。這些公因子有時稱潛在可變物。因為「智力」是一個抽象概念,它不可能直接地被測量:反而,措施例如GPA、智商等等使用估計individual.
In的智力被提出的簡單例子以上,它不是太難以至於不能隔绝在兩個小組中連接可變物交互作用的樣式;但是,當您有數百可變物時,并且有多個基本的因素,辨認因素是更難的,并且可變物與要素分析相關的每個factor.
The目的是辨認解釋被關聯的可變物之間的關係的一套基本的因素。通常,比可變物將有少量基本的因素,如此要素分析結果比原始的套variables.
Principal分量分析非常類似於要素分析簡單,并且兩個做法有時迷茫的。兩個做法在同樣數學技術被建立。要素分析假設,關係(交互作用)可變物之間歸結於由variables.
Principal分量分析測量沒有根據想法的一套基本的因素(潛在可變物)有被測量的基本的因素。它是發現導致正交原始的可變物的一個線性組合的一個技術(未關聯的)可變物解釋最大金額在原始的可變物的變化。它是常用的減少可變物的數量,當保留大多數有預測性的power.
時PCA的目標是剛性轉動n尺寸空間的軸(其中n是可變物的數量)對有以下物產的一個新的取向:
1.第一個軸對應於方向以在可變物中的多數變化,并且隨後軸日益有較少變化在他們的direction.
2。每個對的交互作用被轉動的軸之間是零。這互相是的軸的結果正交的(即,他們是未關聯的)。
PCA通過發現協變性或相關矩陣的本徵值和特徵向量執行。特徵向量代表從原始的易變的座標的線性變革到滿足被列出的標準以上的被轉動的座標。例如,如果您有可變物X1通過Xn。然後特徵向量組分是:
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