When radiation strikes any material substance (incident radiation is referred to as irradiation), it will be reflected by the surface, absorbed in the material and/or transmitted through the material .It is only the portion of irradiation absorbed by the material that is converted to heat. Hence, in performing laser surgery, the laser energy that is reflected at the tissue surface or that which is transmitted through the tissue does not contribute to tissue heating. Laser energy must be absorbed by tissue in order to promote heating!To heat tissue to a level such that thermal coagulation and vaporization occur, it is not enough that the energy in the laser beam merely be absorbed; the amount of energy absorbed per unit volume of tissue, known as the volumetric energy density, must exceed some threshold level in order to promote these effects.* Hence, efficient tissue vaporization is possible only when the beam is strongly absorbed in living tissues. In situations in which the absorption is weak, the beam penetrates deep into the tissue, reducing the volumetric energy density. This prolongs the time required for vaporization and results in increased thermal damage to peripheral tissues. The absorption coefficient, a, is a measure of the "efficiency" of absorption of a specific wavelength in a solid material.
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