where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient (Btu/[hoFft2]), hi is the broth film heat transfer coefficient (Btu/[hoFft2]) ho is the jacket fluid heat transfer coefficient (Btu/[hoFft2]), hfi is the broth fouling factor (Btu/[hoF ft2]), hfo is thejacket fluid fouling factor (Btu/[hoF ft2]), t is the fermenterwall thickness (ft) and k is the fermenter wall thermal con-ductivity (Btu/[hoF ft]). The resistance of the tank wall canbe predicted accurately because both k and wall thicknessare known accurately. It should be noted that the k forstainless steel is very low (about 10 Btu/[oF h ft]). Thismeans that the tank wall should be kept as thin as possibleto minimize its contribution to heat transfer resistance (seelater).
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