3. Material and methods3.1 Sampling and analytical proceduresAltogether 881 samples were used in the present study. The samples were taken from 12 wells and 43 springs representing the upper aquifer system (B4). The data involve those samples taken by the authors in 2007 and those retrieved from the open files of Water Authority of Jordan (WAJ). The data covers the period 1969-2009. The methods described by (APHA, 1998) were followed during field and laboratory work. Electrical conductivity (EC), temperature and pH were measured in situ using portable meters. Prior to sample collection, well purging was performed for those wells which were not being pumped at the time of sampling. The goal was to ensure that the water sample truly represents the properties and conditions of the subsurface environment. Water was pumped from the well until the temperature, EC and pH became constant. The collected samples were investigated for the following hydrochemical parameters: calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), total hardness (TH), and total dissolved solids (TDS). Na+ and K+ were determined by using flame photometer. Ca+2, Mg2+, HCO3- and Cl- were analyzed by volumetric titration method.SO42- and NO3- were analyzed spectrophotometrically.
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