Phage therapy againstVibrio parahaemolyticusinfection in the whiteleg
shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) larvae
Carlos O. Lomel´ı-Ortega, Sergio F. Mart´ ınez-D´ ıaz
PII: S0044-8486(14)00410-4
DOI: doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.08.018
Reference: AQUA 631302
To appear in: Aquaculture
Received date: 14 July 2014
Revised date: 8 August 2014
Accepted date: 12 August 2014
Please cite this article as: Lomel´ı-Ortega, Carlos O., Mart´ ınez-D´ ıaz, Sergio F., Phage
therapy againstVibrio parahaemolyticusinfection in the whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus van-namei)larvae,Aquaculture(2014), doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.08.018
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Title:
Phage therapy against Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in the whiteleg
shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) larvae
Running title
Phage therapy for VP in whiteleg shrimp
Authors:
Carlos O. Lomelí-Ortega, Sergio F. Martínez-Díaz*
* Corresponding author
Author Affiliation:
Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Lab.
CICIMAR, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional sn. Col Playa Palo de Sta Rita. La
Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico CP. 23090 Tel. (+52) 61225344, Fax. (+52)
61225322 e-mail sdiaz@ipn.mx
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Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important cause of disease, mortality, and
economical losses in the shrimp aquaculture industry. Bacteriophages are
natural bio-controlling agents, broadly recognized for their ability to reduce
pathogen populations. Hence, in the present study, we evaluated the
effectiveness of phage therapy in the prevention and control of vibriosis in
Litopenaeus vannamei. Vibriosis was induced in shrimp larvae with 2 • 10
6
CFU
• mL
-1
of V. parahaemolyticus. The infected larvae were treated with different
doses of selected phages and their efficacy was evaluated at different times
after their application. Results revealed that selected lytic phages (A3S and
Vpms1) are effective to reduce mortality caused by V. parahaemolyticus. In
both cases, the early application (at 6 hours post-infection) was effective to
avoid mortality. Low multiplicity of infection (MOI) values (< 0.1) were enough to
counteract V. parahaemolyticus infection. Delayed phage applications (> 6
hours post-infection) hindered mortality and the progress of infection. This study
provides the basis for the use of bacteriophages in the prevention and control of
V. parahaemolyticus in shrimps.
Keywords
Phage therapy, Litopenaeus vannamei, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Shrimp larvae
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1. Introduction
Vibrio spp. are the putative cause of strong economic losses in the shrimp
industry; they can infect all life stages (from eggs to broodstock); generating in
most cases 100% mortality (Prayitno & Latchford, 1995; Harris & Owens, 1999;
Aguirre-Guzmán et al., 2010).
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) is a Gram-negative bacterium that has been
commonly associated with infections in aquatic organisms. In addition, it is a
major concern for human health because it is a leading cause of seafood-borne
bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide (DePaola et al., 2003; Gopal et al., 2005;
Zimmerman et al., 2007, Turner et al., 2013). In Mexican shrimp hatcheries, the
presence of VP is monitored frequently and has been associated with necrosis,
slow growth, muscle opacity, anorexia, and mortality during seed production
(Balcázar et al., 2007; Aguirre-Guzmán et al., 2010). During 2013, some strains
of VP were reported as the etiological agent of the acute hepatopancreatic
necrosis syndrome (AHPNS/ESM) that caused the collapse of the shrimp
aquaculture in Asia (Tran et al., 2013) and Mexico.
Currently there are scarce alternatives to control vibriosis during shrimp rearing,
including some disinfectants and few legally allowed antibiotics (Santiago et al.,
2009; Labreuche, 2012). However, new promising approaches are under
development and, apparently, some of them can provide an acceptable level of
control of pathogenic vibrios with little or null environmental damage.
The potential of phage therapy (use of bacteriophages to control bacterial
infections) in aquaculture is gaining the interest of the scientific community and,
during the last 5 years, different opinions and multiple reviews have been
published. However, few efforts have been made to validate their efficacy or the
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possible impacts associated with the massive releasing of phages to the
environment.
The early evaluations of phage therapy to prevent vibriosis produced very
encouraging results; for example, during experimental shrimp larval production,
Vinod et al. (2006) demonstrated that the application of V. harveyi phages
improves survival rate, even when compared with antibiotic-treated organisms.
However, we can expect that, under commercial conditions, their actual
effectiveness or apparent beneficial effect will be linked to the presence of
specific pathogens, because phages have a narrow hosts range, and their
ability to control ongoing infections is still unknown. Therefore, at this time, it is
crucial to generate models to assess the conditions under which the phage
therapy is effective and the factors that affect their efficacy. In the present study,
we evaluated phage therapy as an alternative to prevent and control the
damage produced by VP in the whiteleg shrimp larvae.
2. Methods
2.1 Bacteria and phages
V. parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802 was obtained directly from the American
Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The stocks were maintained at -50 ºC with
50% glycerol. For experiments, bacteria were cultured in marine agar (MA) and
the cells were harvested at 24 h and adjusted at an optic density of 1 at 585 nm
(OD
585 = 1) (corresponding at ca. 10
8
CFU ml
−1
) in artificial sea water (ASW)
(Instant Ocean®).The phages A3S and Vpms1 used in this study were
previously isolated from healthy shrimp cultures (Makarov, 2008) and clams
(Martínez-Díaz and Hipólito-Morales, 2013), respectively. Phage stocks were
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produced at 30 ºC in fresh VP cultures; the lysates were centrifuged at 3500
rpm to eliminate bacterial debris and then filtered through 0.02-µm membranes.
The number of viable phages was quantified by standard PFU counts and
stored at 4 ºC until use.
2.2 Shrimp larvae
Shrimp larvae at nauplius III stage were obtained from two commercial
hatcheries (Acuacultura Mahr SA de CV, La Paz, BCS, Mexico, and
BIOGEMAR SA, Salinas, Ecuador). For each experiment, a group of apparently
healthy larvae (obtained from the collective spawn of at least 10 females) were
transported to the laboratory and maintained in the carrying boxes until
reaching the nauplius IV-V stage (N IV-V), then they were disinfected with 0.3
ppm chlorine dioxide (ClO2
) during 5 min, washed with sterile sea water and
distributed in sterile containers with 100 mL artificial seawater (ASW) (Instant
Ocean at 35 ppt) at a density of 1 larva • mL
-1
. At 24 h after disinfection,
different treatments were applied (including infection or phage therapy) and
maintained during 96 h at 30 ºC. A gnotobiotic culture of Chaetoceros calcitrans
was provided as the sole food source during experiments: at an initial dose of 1
• 10
4
cell·mL
-1
and, successively, adjusting to 1 • 10
5
cell • mL
-1
.
2.3 V. parahamolyticus challenge and phage therapy
Groups of 100 larvae (previously disinfected with ClO
2
and acclimatized as
described in the section 2.2) were infected in the same container with a single
dose of VP at 2 • 10
6
CFU • mL
-1
and treated with 100 μL of Vpms1 or A3S
phage suspensions. Groups of VP-infected larvae that were no treated with
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phages were used as positive controls and uninfected larvae were used as
negative controls or blanks. Each treatment was assayed in triplicate and the
survival rate and vibriosis signs were recorded at 96 hpi (hours post infection).
2.4 Minimal effective dose of phages to control VP effects
Eighteen groups of 100 larvae at 24 h (previously disinfected with ClO
2
and
acclimatized as described in the section 2.2) were infected with VP (at a 2 • 10
6
CFU·mL
-1
dose). The containers were randomly selected in groups of three and
treated with different volumes of A3S or Vpms1 phages, to reach MOI values of
0.1, 1, and 10. Positive and negative controls (as previously described) were
simultaneously maintained and all groups were analyzed at 96 hpi.
2.5 Effect of delayed application of phage therapy
Twenty-four groups of 100 larvae (previously disinfected with ClO
2
and
acclimatized as described in the section 2.2) were simultaneously infected with
VP (at a 2 • 10
6
CFU • mL
-1
dose), triplicate groups were randomly selected to
be treated with phages at different times (0, 6, 12, 24, and 36 hpi). Treatments
comprised a single dose of 100 μL of Vpms1 or A3S phage suspension
(reaching MOI values of 1 and 2, respectively). Positive and negative controls
(as previously described) were maintained simultaneously and all groups were
analyzed at 96 hpi.
2.6 Statistical Analysis
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Normality and homos
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