read the following case study and a

read the following case study and answer the questions that follow. most of the terms are included in this chapter. refer to the glossary or to your medical dictionary for the other terms
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
hegal freiderick is a 57 year old woman who came to the urgent care clinic today complaining of SOB. on admission, her respiration were labored at a rate of 32 . her Spo2 was just 84%, and her VC was decreased .she appeared anxious and stated that she " couldn't get enough air ". her lungs had bilateral expiratory wheezes throughout, scattered rhonchi, and bibasilar crackles. she had a frequent cough productive of thick green sputum
stat ABGs were drawn , she was put on o2 at 2 lpm per NC and given a nebulizer Tx. a sputum specimen was collected and sent for C and S. she was given IV dose of a board spectrum antibiotic and a steroid drug. upon review of her ABGs, it was determined that she was in a state of mild respiratory acidosis
a short time later mrs freiderick's respiratory rate had decreased to 20, her o2 saturation was 91% and she stated that she was breathing " much better". she was then transferred to the hospital for further monitoring and continued therapy
COPD is a chronic disease with several different causes. the most common cause is smoking because the lungs are subjected to chronic irritation of an inhaled substance 20 to 40 times each day for years on end, as a result, the lung tissue becomes inflamed. under normal circumstances, body tissue is able to repair itself. however, in the case of smoking, chronic, repeated exposure to the irritants prevents healing and results in chronic inflammation. over time, permanent damage occurs.the walls of the delicate alveolae lose their elasticity and become permanently distended like balloons that have been inflated too many times. the walls of the alveolae also erode and thicken and, as a result, function less effectively under normal circumstances, body tissue is able to repair itself. however, in the case of smoking, chronic, repeated exposure to the irritants prevents healing and results in chronic inflammation. over time, permanent damage occurs.the walls of the delicate alveolae lose their elasticity and become permanently distended like balloons that have been inflated too many times. the walls of the alveolae also erode and thicken and, as a result, function less effectively. they begin to trap air rather than allow it to escape during expiration . this decreases the amount of oxygen-rich air that can be inhaled in each breath
as chronic air-trapping occurs, the chest changes dimension becoming more barrel-like. the lungs also flatten on the bottom robbing the diaphragm ( an important respiratory muscle) of its effectiveness. cilia in the airway normally move forgive debris upward to be coughed out. but in COPD, cilia become clogged with tar and lose effectiveness. as a result of these physical changes, the COPD patient may begin to experience some or all of the following symptoms
orthopnea:the need to remain upright in order to breathe effectively. physicians often quantify the severity of orthopnea by referring to the number of pillows the patient must recline against while sleeping (3- pillow orthopnea)
hypercapnia: the chronic retention of co2. in some cases, this changes the way the person's body determines when to breathe. the person may begin to function according to the " hypoxic drive" and feel the urge to breathe when o2 level gets too low instead of when the co2 level gets too high. this becomes a problem when the person requires supplemental to breath, leading to respiratory arrest. furthermore, hypercapnea can lead to symptoms of mental cloudiness and lethargy
chronic hypoxia: a chronic lack of oxygen. as gas exchange becomes less effective, breathing becomes more and more difficult. eventually the person becomes dependent on oxygen. yet, in the last stages of the disease, supplemental o2 is of little help. the person feels chronically short of breath hypercapnia: the chronic retention of co2. in some cases, this changes the way the person's body determines when to breathe. the person may begin to function according to the " hypoxic drive" and feel the urge to breathe when o2 level gets too low instead of when the co2 level gets too high. this becomes a problem when the person requires supplemental to breath, leading to respiratory arrest. furthermore, hypercapnea can lead to symptoms of mental cloudiness and lethargy
chronic hypoxia: a chronic lack of oxygen. as gas exchange becomes less effective, breathing becomes more and more difficult. eventually the person becomes dependent on oxygen. yet, in the last stages of the disease, supplemental o2 is of little help. the person feels chronically short of breath and becomes severely dyspneic with the slightest exertion and becomes severely dyspneic with the slightest exertion

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

đọc nghiên cứu trường hợp sau đây và trả lời những câu hỏi mà làm theo. Hầu hết các điều khoản được bao gồm trong chương này. tham khảo thuật ngữ hoặc từ điển y khoa của bạn cho các điều khoản khácmãn tính bệnh phổi tắc nghẽn (COPD)hegal freiderick là một phụ nữ 57 tuổi những người đã đến bệnh viện chăm sóc khẩn cấp gần phàn nàn của SOB. ngày nhập học, hô hấp của cô đã khổ công tốc độ 32. Spo2 của cô đã là chỉ 84%, và VC của mình là giảm ấy xuất hiện lo lắng và nói rằng bà "không thể nhận được đủ không khí". phổi của cô có khè expiratory song phương trong suốt, rải rác rhonchi, và bibasilar crackles. cô đã có một ho thường xuyên sản xuất của đờm màu xanh lá cây dàyStat ABGs đã được rút ra, cô đã được đặt trên o2 lúc 2 lpm / NC và đưa ra một phun Tx. mẫu đờm đã được thu thập và gửi cho C và S. cô được IV liều của một kháng sinh phổ bảng và một loại thuốc steroid. sau khi xem xét ABGs của mình, nó đã được xác định rằng cô là một tiểu bang của toan hô hấp nhẹmột thời gian ngắn sau đó bà freiderick tỷ lệ hô hấp đã giảm đến 20, cô bão hòa o2 là 91% và cô nói rằng cô ấy hơi thở "tốt hơn nhiều". nó được sau đó được chuyển đến bệnh viện để tiếp tục theo dõi và tiếp tục điều trịCOPD is a chronic disease with several different causes. the most common cause is smoking because the lungs are subjected to chronic irritation of an inhaled substance 20 to 40 times each day for years on end, as a result, the lung tissue becomes inflamed. under normal circumstances, body tissue is able to repair itself. however, in the case of smoking, chronic, repeated exposure to the irritants prevents healing and results in chronic inflammation. over time, permanent damage occurs.the walls of the delicate alveolae lose their elasticity and become permanently distended like balloons that have been inflated too many times. the walls of the alveolae also erode and thicken and, as a result, function less effectively under normal circumstances, body tissue is able to repair itself. however, in the case of smoking, chronic, repeated exposure to the irritants prevents healing and results in chronic inflammation. over time, permanent damage occurs.the walls of the delicate alveolae lose their elasticity and become permanently distended like balloons that have been inflated too many times. the walls of the alveolae also erode and thicken and, as a result, function less effectively. they begin to trap air rather than allow it to escape during expiration . this decreases the amount of oxygen-rich air that can be inhaled in each breathas chronic air-trapping occurs, the chest changes dimension becoming more barrel-like. the lungs also flatten on the bottom robbing the diaphragm ( an important respiratory muscle) of its effectiveness. cilia in the airway normally move forgive debris upward to be coughed out. but in COPD, cilia become clogged with tar and lose effectiveness. as a result of these physical changes, the COPD patient may begin to experience some or all of the following symptomsorthopnea:the need to remain upright in order to breathe effectively. physicians often quantify the severity of orthopnea by referring to the number of pillows the patient must recline against while sleeping (3- pillow orthopnea)hypercapnia: the chronic retention of co2. in some cases, this changes the way the person's body determines when to breathe. the person may begin to function according to the " hypoxic drive" and feel the urge to breathe when o2 level gets too low instead of when the co2 level gets too high. this becomes a problem when the person requires supplemental to breath, leading to respiratory arrest. furthermore, hypercapnea can lead to symptoms of mental cloudiness and lethargychronic hypoxia: a chronic lack of oxygen. as gas exchange becomes less effective, breathing becomes more and more difficult. eventually the person becomes dependent on oxygen. yet, in the last stages of the disease, supplemental o2 is of little help. the person feels chronically short of breath hypercapnia: the chronic retention of co2. in some cases, this changes the way the person's body determines when to breathe. the person may begin to function according to the " hypoxic drive" and feel the urge to breathe when o2 level gets too low instead of when the co2 level gets too high. this becomes a problem when the person requires supplemental to breath, leading to respiratory arrest. furthermore, hypercapnea can lead to symptoms of mental cloudiness and lethargychronic hypoxia: a chronic lack of oxygen. as gas exchange becomes less effective, breathing becomes more and more difficult. eventually the person becomes dependent on oxygen. yet, in the last stages of the disease, supplemental o2 is of little help. the person feels chronically short of breath and becomes severely dyspneic with the slightest exertion and becomes severely dyspneic with the slightest exertion