Independent Variables Frequency is defined in this study as by combining a periodicity measure (daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, semi-annually and annually) with a volume measure (transactions, number of invoices etc.) similar to Everaert et al., (2010). Frequency of non-routine tasks in management accounting outsourcing means the frequent or recurrent of accounting transaction (Murrey, 2001). Therefore, in order to measures the frequency, we adopted the measurement use by Everaert et al., (2010) on a 6 point Likert type scale, asking respondents to indicate the frequency to what extent periodicity and volume related non-routine workload is being outsourced of each item with 1= daily to 6= annually. Asset specificity measure primarily refers to human asset specificity which accountants need such as specialized knowledge (Everaert et al., 2010) to perform particular accounting tasks. Thus, in order to measure the asset specificity, we used measures previously tested and validated by (Everaert et al., 2010; Poppo & Zenger, 1998) to ask respondents on a 7 Likert scale 1= totally disagree to 7= totally agree, whether the accountant need to acquire firm specific information in order to adequately perform the management accounting practices. The opportunistic behavior of service provider decrease trust, commitment, cooperation, satisfaction and specially damage the long run relationship between individual firm and service provider (Kwon & Suh, 2005; Lee, 1998; Joshi & Stump, 1999). Therefore, to measure opportunism in accounting outsourcing services, the respondents will be asked at what extent they perceived the external accountant opportunistic behavior on a 7 Likert scale 1= totally disagree to 7= totally agree. Trust in accountant was measured based on earlier studies (Kamyabi & Devi., 2011; Everaert et al., 2010), by asking respondents to indicate the extent to which they trust the professional accountant with each of statement on a 7-point Likert scale with the range from 1-totally disagree to 7-totally agree.
For measuring competition, we drew items from prior studies (Kamyabi & Devi, 2011; Rivard et al., 2006), asking respondents to indicate the intensity of their firm competition for each item on a 7 point Likert type scale with 1= very weak competition to 7= very fierce competition.
Nevertheless, a factor analysis of the relevant items did requires measurement changes. These included the removal of 2 items from measurement of asset specificity, 2 items from measurement of trust in accountant, and 2 items from degree of competition in order to achieve the required factor structure and satisfactory internal reliability levels.
đang được dịch, vui lòng đợi..
