When we think of intelligent member

When we think of intelligent members of the animal kingdom, the creatures that spring immediately to mind are apes and monkeys. But in fact the social lives of some members of the insect kingdom are sufficiently complex to suggest more than a hint of intelligence. Among these, the world of the ant has come in for considerable scrutiny lately, and the idea that ants demonstrate sparks of cognition has certainly not been rejected by those involved in these investigations.

Ants store food, repel attackers and use chemical signals to contact one another in case of attack. Such chemical communication can be compared to the human use of visual and auditory channels (as in religious chants, advertising images and jingles, political slogans and martial music) to arouse and propagate moods and attitudes. The biologist Lewis Thomas wrote Ants are so much like human beings as to be an embarrassment. They farm fungi, raise aphids as livestock, launch armies to war, use chemical sprays to alarm and confuse enemies, capture slaves, engage in child labour, exchange information ceaselessly. They do everything but watch television.

* aphids: small insects of a different species from ants




However, in ants there is no cultural transmission - everything must be encoded in the genes - whereas In humans the opposite is true. Only basic instincts are carried in the genes of a newborn baby, other skills being learned from others in the community as the child grows up. It may seem that this cultural continuity gives us a huge advantage over ants. They have never mastered fire nor progressed. Their fungus farming and aphid herding crafts are sophisticated when compared to the agricultural skills of humans five thousand-years ago but have been totally overtaken by modem human agribusiness.

Or have they? The farming methods of ants are at least sustainable. They do not ruin environments or use enormous amounts of energy. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that the crop farming of ants may be more sophisticated and adaptable than was thought.

Ants were farmers fifty million years before humans were. Ants can't digest the cellulose in leaves - but some fungi can. The ants therefore cultivate these fungi in their nests, bringing them leaves to feed on, and then use them as a source of food. Farmer ants secrete antibiotics to control other fungi that might act as 'weeds', and spread waste to fertilise the crop.


It was once thought that the fungus that ants cultivate was a single type that they had propagated, essentially unchanged from the distant past. Not so. Ulrich Mueller of Maryland and his colleagues genetically screened 862 different types of fungi taken from ants' nests. These turned out to be highly diverse: it seems that ants are continually domesticating new species. Even more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neigh boring ant colonies.

Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles - the forcing house, of intelligence - the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years, developing and maintaining underground cities of specialised chambers and tunnels.

When we survey Mexico City, Tokyo, Los Angeles, we are amazed at what has been accomplished by humans. Yet Hoelldobler and Wilson's magnificent work for ant lovers, the Ants, describes a supercolony of the ant Formica yessensis on the Ishikari Coast of Hokkaido. This 'megalopolis' was reported to be composed of 360 million workers and a million queens living in 4,500 interconnected nests across a territory of 2.7 square kilometers.

Such enduring and intricately meshed levels of technical achievement outstrip by far anything achieved by our distant ancestors. We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere, dating back some 20,000 years. Ant societies existed in something like their present form more than seventy million years ago. Beside this, prehistoric man looks technologically primitive. Is this then some kind of intelligence, albeit of a different kind?

Research conducted at Oxford, Sussex and Zurich Universities has shown that when; desert ants return from a foraging trip, they navigate by integrating bearings and distances, which they continuously update their heads. They combine the evidence of visual landmarks with a mental library of local directions, all within a framework which is consulted and updated. So ants can learn too.

And in a twelve-year programme of work, Ryabko and Reznikova have found evidence that ants can transmit very complex messages. Scouts who had located food in a maze returned to mobilise their foraging teams. They engaged in contact sessions, at the end of which the scout was removed in order to observe what her team might do. Often the foragers proceeded to the exact spot in the maze where the food had been Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the foraging team using odour clues. Discussion now centers on whether the route through the maze is communicated as a 'left- right sequence of turns or as a 'compass bearing and distance' message.

During the course of this exhaustive study, Reznikova has grown so attached to her laboratory ants that she feels she knows them as individuals - even without the paint spots used to mark them. It's no surprise that Edward Wilson, in his essay, 'In the company of ants', advises readers who ask what to do with the ants in their kitchen to: 'Watch where you step. Be careful of little lives.'

Kết quả (Việt) 1:

Khi chúng ta nghĩ đến các thành viên thông minh của Vương Quốc động vật, sinh vật mùa xuân ngay lập tức để tâm trí là khỉ và con khỉ. Nhưng trong thực tế cuộc sống xã hội của một số thành viên của Vương Quốc côn trùng đủ phức tạp để cho thấy nhiều hơn một gợi ý của trí thông minh. Trong số này, thế giới của các kiến đã đi vào để giám sát đáng kể gần đây, và ý tưởng rằng kiến chứng minh các tia lửa của nhận thức đã chắc chắn không bị từ chối bởi tất cả những người tham gia vào các cuộc điều tra.Kiến lưu trữ thực phẩm, đẩy lùi những kẻ tấn công và sử dụng tín hiệu hóa học liên hệ với nhau trong trường hợp cuộc tấn công. Hóa học giao tiếp như vậy có thể được so sánh với việc sử dụng của con người của thị giác và thính giác kênh (như trong tôn giáo chants, quảng cáo hình ảnh và jingles, khẩu hiệu chính trị và võ âm nhạc) để khơi dậy và tuyên truyền tâm trạng và Thái độ. Nhà sinh vật học Lewis Thomas đã viết loài kiến là rất nhiều giống như con người như là một bối rối. Họ trang trại nấm, nâng cao aphids như chăn nuôi, khởi động quân đội đến chiến tranh, phun hóa chất sử dụng báo động và gây nhầm lẫn cho kẻ thù, bắt giữ nô lệ, tham gia vào lao động trẻ em, trao đổi thông tin không ngừng. Họ làm tất cả mọi thứ nhưng xem tivi.* aphids: các côn trùng nhỏ của một loài khác nhau từ kiến Tuy nhiên, ở loài kiến có là không có văn hóa truyền - tất cả mọi thứ phải được mã hóa trong các gen - trong khi ở người đối diện là đúng sự thật. Chỉ bản năng cơ bản được thực hiện trong các gen của một em bé sơ sinh, các kỹ năng được học từ những người khác trong cộng đồng như đứa trẻ lớn lên. Nó có vẻ này liên tục văn hóa cung cấp cho chúng tôi một lợi thế rất lớn so với loài kiến. Họ không bao giờ có nắm bắt lửa cũng không tiến triển. Canh tác nấm và aphid chăn gia súc thủ công Mỹ nghệ của họ phức tạp khi so sánh với các kỹ năng nông nghiệp của con người 5.000-năm trước nhưng đã được hoàn toàn qua modem con người agribusiness.Hoặc có họ? Các phương pháp canh tác của loài kiến được ít bền vững. Họ không hủy hoại môi trường hoặc sử dụng một lượng lớn năng lượng. Hơn nữa, tại bằng chứng cho thấy rằng nông nghiệp cây trồng của loài kiến có thể được tinh vi hơn và thích nghi hơn nghĩ.Loài kiến là nông dân 50 triệu năm trước khi con người. Loài kiến không thể tiêu hóa cellulose trong lá - nhưng một số nấm có thể. Các loài kiến do đó trồng những loại nấm trong tổ, đưa họ lá để ăn, và sau đó sử dụng chúng như là một nguồn thực phẩm. Nông dân kiến tiết ra thuốc kháng sinh để kiểm soát các loại nấm khác mà có thể hoạt động như 'cỏ dại', và lây lan các chất thải để thụ các cây trồng.It was once thought that the fungus that ants cultivate was a single type that they had propagated, essentially unchanged from the distant past. Not so. Ulrich Mueller of Maryland and his colleagues genetically screened 862 different types of fungi taken from ants' nests. These turned out to be highly diverse: it seems that ants are continually domesticating new species. Even more impressively, DNA analysis of the fungi suggests that the ants improve or modify the fungi by regularly swapping and sharing strains with neigh boring ant colonies.Whereas prehistoric man had no exposure to urban lifestyles - the forcing house, of intelligence - the evidence suggests that ants have lived in urban settings for close on a hundred million years, developing and maintaining underground cities of specialised chambers and tunnels.When we survey Mexico City, Tokyo, Los Angeles, we are amazed at what has been accomplished by humans. Yet Hoelldobler and Wilson's magnificent work for ant lovers, the Ants, describes a supercolony of the ant Formica yessensis on the Ishikari Coast of Hokkaido. This 'megalopolis' was reported to be composed of 360 million workers and a million queens living in 4,500 interconnected nests across a territory of 2.7 square kilometers.Such enduring and intricately meshed levels of technical achievement outstrip by far anything achieved by our distant ancestors. We hail as masterpieces the cave paintings in southern France and elsewhere, dating back some 20,000 years. Ant societies existed in something like their present form more than seventy million years ago. Beside this, prehistoric man looks technologically primitive. Is this then some kind of intelligence, albeit of a different kind?Research conducted at Oxford, Sussex and Zurich Universities has shown that when; desert ants return from a foraging trip, they navigate by integrating bearings and distances, which they continuously update their heads. They combine the evidence of visual landmarks with a mental library of local directions, all within a framework which is consulted and updated. So ants can learn too.And in a twelve-year programme of work, Ryabko and Reznikova have found evidence that ants can transmit very complex messages. Scouts who had located food in a maze returned to mobilise their foraging teams. They engaged in contact sessions, at the end of which the scout was removed in order to observe what her team might do. Often the foragers proceeded to the exact spot in the maze where the food had been Elaborate precautions were taken to prevent the foraging team using odour clues. Discussion now centers on whether the route through the maze is communicated as a 'left- right sequence of turns or as a 'compass bearing and distance' message.During the course of this exhaustive study, Reznikova has grown so attached to her laboratory ants that she feels she knows them as individuals - even without the paint spots used to mark them. It's no surprise that Edward Wilson, in his essay, 'In the company of ants', advises readers who ask what to do with the ants in their kitchen to: 'Watch where you step. Be careful of little lives.'