queue to overflow, necessitating the discard of either the most recently arrivedframe or some other frame.The simplest way to cope with congestion is for the frame-relaying network todiscard frames arbitrarily, with no regard to the source of a particular frame. In thatcase, because there is no reward for restraint, the best strategy for any individualend system is to transmit frames as rapidly as possible. This, of course, exacerbatesthe congestion problem.To provide for a fairer allocation of resources, the frame relay bearer serviceincludes the concept of a committed information rate (CIR). This is a rate, in bitsper second, that the network agrees to support for a particular frame-mode connection.Any data transmitted in excess of the CIR are vulnerable to discard in theevent of congestion. Despite the use of the term committed, there is no guaranteethat even the CIR will be met. In cases of extreme congestion, the network may beforced to provide a service at less than the CIR for a given connection. However,when it comes time to discard frames, the network will choose to discard frames onconnections that are exceeding their CIR before discarding frames that are withintheir CIR.In theory, each frame-relaying node should manage its affairs so thatthe aggregate of CIRs of all the connections of all the end systems attached to thenode does not exceed the capacity of the node. In addition, the aggregate of theCIRs should not exceed the physical data rate across the user-network interface,known as the access rate. The limitation imposed by access rate can be expressedas follows:(
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