Lewis (2000) used these core principles while studying the performance of three case firms. He found that the success of lean production is dependent upon contextual factors such as type of market, dominant technology, and supply chain structure.Furthermore, he noticed a trade-off between lean production and innovation, such that the more successfully a firm applies lean principles, the less it will engage in general innovative activity. Naylor et al. (1999) described lean manufacturing as developing a value stream to eliminate all waste, including time, and to ensure a level schedule. A level schedule means that the manufacturing process must be kept away from volatility, protected from uncertainty and variation. This makes high-capacity utilization possible, thus leading to lower manufacturing costs. Lean manufacturing in this sense is a program aimed mainly at increasing the efficiency of operations.
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