Aerenchyma forms in flood-tolerant species and, to a lesser extent, in many flood-intolerant species (. Inflood-intolerant plants, the spaces may occupy 10 to 12% of the total root cross-sectionalarea, but in flood-tolerant plants, the total area of gas spaces may be over 50 to 60% of theroot area (Smirnoff and Crawford 1983; Smits et al. 1990). The volume of aerenchymavaries considerably among species, but porosity is generally greater in emergent than insubmerged plants (Sculthorpe 1967).Aerenchyma forms in two ways:1. By cell wall separation and the collapse of cells, known as lysigeny2. By the enlargement and separation of cells (without collapse),
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