Phác thảo chươngGiới thiệuNguồn hoạt động rủi ro là gì?Đổi mới công nghệ và lợi nhuậnTác động của các công nghệ sản xuất dịch vụ tài chính bán buôn và bán lẻ• Dịch vụ tài chính bán buôn• Dịch vụ tài chính bán lẻTác động của công nghệ doanh thu và chi phí• Công nghệ và doanh thu• Công nghệ và chi phíThử nghiệm cho nền kinh tế của quy mô và nền kinh tế của phạm vi• Các phương pháp sản xuất• Phương pháp tiếp cận trung gianCác phát hiện thực nghiệm về chi phí các nền kinh tế của quy mô và phạm vi và tác động đối với chi phí công nghệ• Nền kinh tế của quy mô và phạm vi và X-thiếu hiệu quảCông nghệ và sự tiến triển của hệ thống thanh toán• Những rủi ro mà phát sinh trong chuyển hệ thống điện tử thanh toán mộtRủi ro hoạt động khácVấn đề pháp lý và công nghệ và hoạt động rủi roTóm tắt Giải pháp cho vấn đề và câu hỏi cuối cùng của chương: chương 141. giải thích làm thế nào công nghệ cải tiến có thể tăng thu nhập lãi suất và noninterest một FI và giảm chi phí lãi suất và noninterest. Sử dụng một số ví dụ cụ thể.Các cải tiến công nghệ trong các dịch vụ cung cấp bởi tài chính trung gian giúp tăng thu nhập và giảm chi phí trong một số cách:(a) lãi suất thu nhập: bằng cách làm cho nó dễ dàng hơn để vẽ cho các khoản vay trực tiếp qua máy tính, cũng như bằng cách xử lý các ứng dụng vốn vay nhanh hơn. (b) quan tâm đến chi phí: bằng cách cho phép các ngân hàng để truy cập vào thấp hơn chi phí quỹ có sẵn trực tiếp từ môi giới và các đại lý thông qua máy tính và màn hình dựa trên kinh doanh.(c) Noninterest income: By making more nonloan products available to customers through the computers to customers such as letters of credit and commercial paper and derivatives. (d) Noninterest expense: By reducing processing and settlement fees, an area that has changed drastically for most FIs, especially in trading activities and in the use of automated teller machines (ATMs).2. Table 14-1 shows data on earnings, expenses, and assets for all insured banks. Calculate the annual growth rates in the various income, expense, earnings and asset categories from 1991 to 2003. If part of the growth rates in assets, earnings, and expenses can be attributed to technological change, in what areas of operating performance has technological change appeared to have the greatest impact? What growth rates are more likely caused by economy-wide economic activity? Growth rates through the end of 2003: Category Nine-Year Interest income -1.14% Interest expense -6.62% Net interest income 3.23% Provision for Loan Loss -2.17% Noninterest income 7.24% Noninterest expenses 3.22% Net earnings 12.74% Average total assets 6.50%The high growth rate in noninterest income reflects in part, the additional fees for technology oriented products such as ATMs and other services. The growth in noninterest expense reflects a lower growth in personnel expenses that further supports the transition toward more technology. The negative growth rates in interest income and interest expense reflect the low interest rate environment of the economy that was prevalent during the latter portion of the time period. The high growth rate in net earnings is partially fueled by the negative growth in loan losses.3. Compare the effects of technology on a bank’s wholesale operations with the effects of technology on a bank’s retail operations. Give some specific examples.Generally the wholesale efforts have centered on the banks’ ability to improve the management of float for the bank and for large corporate customers. These efforts include services dealing with lockboxes, funds concentrations, treasury management software, etc. The effect on retail banking primarily has been to make it easier for individuals to obtain banking services as exemplified by ATMs and home banking products. 4. What are some of the risks inherent in being the first to introduce a financial innovation?One risk is that the innovation may not be successful, because of either lack of acceptance by the customers of the bank or problems with the design and delivery of the product. If the product is successful, competitors may be able to quickly duplicate the product without incurring similar development cost of the original innovator. Another risk involves agency issues in which an employee recommends and/or pushes for new products or expansion which may not be in the best interests of the shareholders.5. The operations department of a major FI is planning to reorganize several of its back-office functions. Its current operating expense is $1,500,000, of which $1,000,000 is for staff expenses. The FI uses a 12 percent cost of capital to evaluate cost-saving projects. a. One way of reorganizing is to outsource overseas a portion of its data entry functions. This will require an initial investment of approximately $500,000 after taxes. The FI expects to save $150,000 in annual operating expenses after tax for the next 7 years. Should it undertake this project, assuming that this change will lead to permanent savings? This is a traditional capital budgeting problem. Investments = $500,000, and annual cost savings = $150,000. NPV = CF* PVAk=12%, n=7 – Investment, where k = bank’s cost of capital and CF = cash flows or cost savings. NPV = -500,000 + $150,000 PVAk=12%, n=7 = -$500,000 + $684,563.48 = $184,563.48. Yes, the FI should undertake this project. b. Another option is to automate the entire process by installing new state-of-the-art computers and software. The FI expects to realize more than $500,000 per year in after-tax savings, but the initial investment will be approximately $3,000,000. In addition, the life of this project is limited to 7 years, at which time new computers and software will need to be installed. Using this 7-year planning horizon, should it invest in this project? What level of after-tax savings would be necessary to make this plan comparable in value creation to the plan in part (a)? NPV = -$3,000,000 + PVAk=12%, n=7($500,000) = -$718,121.73. No, the FI should not undertake the project under these terms. The level of after-tax savings necessary to make the plan comparable to part (a) is NPV = -$3,000,000 + PVAk=12%, n=7(Savings) = $184,563.48, Annual savings = $697,794.34 over the seven-year period. 6. City Bank upgrades its computer equipment every five years to keep up with changes in technology. Its next upgrade is two years from today and is budgeted to cost $1,000,000. Management is considering moving up the date by two years to install some new computers with a breakthrough software that could generate significant savings. The cost for this new equipment also is $1,000,000. What should be the savings per year to justify moving up the planned update by two years? Assume a cost of capital of 15 percentThe equivalent annual cost for the planned 5 years is $1,000,000/PVAk=15, n=5 = $298,315.56. Since the cost of the planned improvement is the same as the original investment, the savings generated should be the present value of $298,315.56 in years 1 and 2, or a total of $484,974.26. 7. Identify and discuss three benefits of technology in generating revenue for FIs?Technology (1) allows for more efficient cross-marketing of new and old products; (2) encourages an increase in the rate of innovation of new products; and (3) supports improvements in service quality and convenience. Many FIs use high-tech efforts to determine how they can reach more customers with more products. As marketing lines are identified and defined, new product ideas emerge that further the usefulness of FI products to customers.
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