Clinical PresentationPresenting symptoms in achalasia can include dysphagia, regurgitation, chest pain,weight loss, and aspiration pneumonia.Diffuse esophageal spasm and other spastic disorders may have obstructive symptoms (dysphagia, regurgitation) but also perceptive symptoms (chest pain) fromheightened esophageal sensitivity.LES hypomotility diminishes barrier function and esophageal body hypomotilityaffects esophageal clearance of refluxed material, which can lead to prolonged refluxexposure and reflux complications.Diagnostic TestingEsophageal manometry is the gold standard for diagnosis of motor disorders.HRM yields more reproducible results, allows accurate recognition of diagnosesand facilitates specific classification of motor disorders compared to conventionaltahir99-VRG & vip.persianss.ir
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