PART II: CONTENTS CHAPTER I: LITERA

PART II: CONTENTS
CHAPTER I:
LITERATURE REVIEW
1 What is the translation?
1.1. Translation is the expression in another language (target language) of what has been expressed in one language (source language), preserving semantic and stylistic equivalencies. (By Roger T. Bell).
Translation is the replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language. (By Roger T. Bell). The author continues and makes the problems of equivalence very plain: Texts in different languages can be equivalent in different degrees (fully or partially different), in respect of different levels of presentation (in respect of context, of semantics, of grammar, of lexis, etc.) and at different ranks (word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence). However, languages are different from each other; they are different in form having different codes and rules regulating the construction of grammatical stretches of language and these forms have different meanings. To shift from one language to another is, by definition, to change the forms. Also, the contrasting forms convey meanings which cannot but fail to coincide totally; there is no absolute synonym between words in the same language, why should anyone be surprised to discover a lack synonym between languages.
Something is always „lost (or might one suggest „gain‟?) in the process and translators can find themselves being accused of reproducing only part of the original and so „betraying the author intentions. Hence the traitorous nature ascribed to the translator by the notorious
Italian proverb: “ Traduttore traditore”. Faced by a text in a language, we are able to work out not only the meaning of each word and sentence but also its communicative value, its place in time and space and information about the participants involved in its production and reception. We might take, as a light-hearted model of the questions we can ask of the text, the first verse of a short poem by Kipling. I keep six honest serving men;
(They taught me all I knew);
Their names were What? And Why? And When? And How? And Where? And Who?
What? is the message contained in the text; the content of the signal. Why? orients us towards the intention of the sender, the purpose for which the text was is used. (Informing, persuading, flattering, etc.)
When? is concerned with the time of communication realized in the text and setting in its historical context; contemporary or set in the recent or remote past or future.
Where? is concerned with the place of communication, the physical location of the speech event realized in the text.
How? refers to whether the text is written in a formal or informal way.
Who? refers to the participants involved in the communication; the sender and receiver.
The term translation can be understood in two ways. In broader term, translation is the process of converting words from one language to another (International Translation Bureau™, 2003).
According to this definition, it includes interpreting as the conversion of spoken words from one language into another. However, what this assignment looks at is translation with its narrower definition, concerning only the written words. The rendering of written texts from one language into another requires high accuracy and smoothness. This is because translation tasks allow considerable time for translators to find the best substitutions while interpreters hardly have time to Consider the wording and structure carefully. Inaccuracy and unnaturalness in translation, therefore, need to be studied more cautiously than those in interpreting are.