Alzheimer's Disease (AD) Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid protein plaques (formed from the improper folding and processing of amyloid b precursor protein-ABPP) [168] and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles made up of abnormal and hyperphosphorylated tau protein [118]. The hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregates binds to Fe3?, results in the production of neurofibrillary tangles [119]. The Amyloid-b peptide (Ab) can chelate with transition metal ions (Cu2?, Zn2? and Fe3?), and produce H2O2 via transition metal mediated catlysis and finally gives toxic OH radical [120]. The lipid ˙peroxidation is also extensive in AD patients, which can induce neuronal death by multiple mechanisms such as impairment of function of ion pumps (both Na?/K?- ATPase and Ca?2-ATPase), glucose transporters and glutamate transporters. The other oxidative markers of protein damage such as protein carbonyls and 3-nitrotyro- sine have been also observed in AD patients [118]. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) MS is an autoimmune neuronal disorder characterized by impaired nerve conduction due to demylination of central nervous system (CNS). The activated microglia/macrophages initiate the MS by the generation of ROS [121] that can induce lipid peroxidation, results in the demylination and damage of neurons. Elevated TBARS levels and reduced protein SH groups, the representatives of protein oxidation and slightly reduced SOD was reported in MS patients [122]. Apart from ROS generation, an impaired iron metabolism has been also considered to play a major role in pathogenesis of disease.
Cancer
It is one of the leading causes of death in humans. Free radicals cause different types of chemical changes in DNA, thus they could be mutagenic and involved in the etiology of cancer [123, 124]. Cancer cells in particular, in comparison to normal cells, have higher levels of ROS and are more susceptible to mitochondrial dysfunction due to their higher metabolic rate [125]. Cancer cells display elevated levels of oxidative stress due to activation of oncogenes and loss of tumor suppressors [126]. ROS by altering the growth signals and gene expression cause continuous proliferation of cancer cells [127]. ROS can damage DNA by inducing base modifications, deletions, strand breakage, chromosomal rearrangements and hyper- and hypo-methylation of DNA [128].
Colorectal Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide, accounting for 608,000 deaths per year [129]. The gastrointestinal tract, particularly the colon and rec- tum, is continuously exposed to ROS originating from both endogenous and exogenous sources [130]. Colon cancer originates from the epithelial cells that line the bowel. These cells divide rapidly and have a high metabolic rate [131]. Since the intestinal mucosa is constantly confronting with diet and bacterial-derived oxidants and carcinogens, an unrestrained production of free radicals, redox imbal- ance, and DNA damage occurs, finally leads to an altered point [133]. The human colorectal tumors have increased levels of nitric oxide (NO) [132], 8-oxodG in DNA [133], and lipid peroxides [134]. Suzuki et al. 2004 [135] have reported increased serum levels of oxidized low density lipoprotein in patients with CRC compared to healthy individuals.
đang được dịch, vui lòng đợi..