The P(Y) code is for military use. It provides better interference rejection than the C/A code, which makes military GPS more robust than civilian GPS. The L2 frequency transmits the P(Y) code and, on newer GPS satellites, it also transmits the C/A code (referred to as L2C), providing a second publicly available code to civilian users. Although the information in the P(Y) code is not accessible to everyone, clever people have figured out ways to use the L2 carrier and code, without knowing how it is coded.While the GPS transmission scheme is complex, it was chosen for many good reasons:GPS receivers can recover very weak signals using very small antennas. This keeps the receiver cost low.Multi-frequency operation allows for ionospheric compensation, since ionospheric delays vary with frequency. The GPS system is resistant to jamming and interference.Security. Signals accessed and used by military applications are not accessible by civilians. Other GNSS systems are conceptually similar to GPS, but there are differences. We will provide more information about these differences in Chapter 3.Satellite ErrorsSatellite errors include ephemeride and clock errors. These satellite errors are very, very small, but keep in mind that in one nanosecond, light travels 30 centimetres.Satellite LifetimesGNSS satellites don’t last forever. Sometimes they are phased out with newer models that have new signals or improved time keeping. Sometimes GNSS satellites do fail and, if they can’t be restored, are permanently removed from service.Satellite CorrectionsEarth stations continuously monitor the satellites and regularly adjust their time and orbit information to keep this broadcasted information highly accurate. If a satellite’s orbit drifts outside the operating limits, it may be taken out of service and its orbit adjusted using small rocket boosters.In our step-by-step illustration of GNSS, the radio signals have left the satellite antenna and are hurtling earthbound at the speed of light.
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