The fundamental difference between spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI) engines lies in the type of combustion that occurs, and not in whether the process is idealised as an Otto cycle or a Diesel cycle. The combustion process occurs at neither constant volume (Otto cycle), nor constant pressure (Diesel cycle), The difference between the two combustion processes is that spark ignition engines usually have pre-mixed flames while compression ignition engines have diffusion names, With pre-mixed combustion the fucllair mixture must always be close to stoichiometric (chemically correct) for reliable ignition and combustion. To control the power output a spark ignition engine is throttled, thus reducing the mass of fuel and air in the combustion chamber; this reduces the cycle efficiency. In contrast. for compression ignition engines with fuel injection the mixture is close to stoichiometric only at the flame fronl. The output of compression ignition cngines can thus be varied by controlling the amount or fuel injected; this accounts for their superior part load fuel economy. With pre-mixed reactants the name moves relative to the reactants, so separating the reactants and products. An example or pre-mixed combustion is with oxy-acetylene equipment; for welding. the flame is fuel-rich to prevent oxidation of the metal, while, for metal cutting, the flame is oxygen-rich in order to burn as well as to melt the metal. With diffusion flames, the flame occurs at the interface between fuel and oxidant. The products of combustion diffuse into the oxidant, and the oxidant diffuses through the products, Similar processes occur on the fuel side of the flame, and the burning rate is controlled by diffusion. A common example of a diffusion flame is the candle. The fuel is melted and evaporated hy radiation from the flame, and then oxidised by air: the process is evidently one governed by diffusion as the reactants are not pre-mixed
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