4. REALIZATION – INTEGRATED APPROACH OFDISPLACEMENT, SIMPLIFICATION ANDENHANCEMENTThe realization of these features is achieved with an integratedapproach that combines different generalization procedures.This approach is based on adjustment theory as a means toachieve an integrated optimisation of different constrainingfactors. Details can be found in [Sester 2000].Adjustment theory is a means to determine a set of unknownsbased on given observations. The observations are described asfunctions of unknowns in the so-called functional model; inaddition, the accuracy of the observations can be described inthe stochastic model. If the functional dependencies are notlinear, they have to be linearized, leading to the fact, thatapproximate values for the unknowns have to be given. Theunknowns are determined by the following equation:ˆ ( ) ( ( )) 0x = AT PA −1 AT P l − f x ,where A is the Jacobean Matrix of the derivations of the functions according to the unknowns x, P is the weight matrix of the observations, l are the observations and f(x0) is the value of the function calculated at the approximate values x0. Obviously, the use of this scheme is straightforward, as soon as the observations and the unknowns for a given problem are identified. In the case of using adjustment theory for displacement, the unknowns are the coordinates of the points of the objects involved. The observations are distances between the objects, that have to be enforced and set to be at least as large as the minimum legible distance between the objects.Additional object specific observations can be introduced in order to define the form and orientation of the objects. These additional observations are necessary in order to be able to specify the variability of these object properties: if the form observations are assigned a high weight, it enforces that the form is kept – a low weight allows the object to vary its form, i.e. leads to deformation of the object. Furthermore, the unknown coordinates are also introduced as observations, in order to be able to assign them a high or low weight, allowingto fix an object at its original position, or allowing it to move, respectively. As distance constraints between all the objects are formulated, it is ensured that a global solution is found, where a displacement of one object occurs in accordance with all its surrounding objects, and no follow-up conflicts are triggered.Vì vậy, nó dẫn đến một tình huống, nơi tất cả các đối tượng rõ ràngrõ ràng, như là khoảng cách tối thiểu giữa tất cả các đối tượngthi hành. Kết quả có thể được phân tích bằng cách kiểm tra các dưCác quan sát và của họ phù hợp với các giới thiệuphàm. Ví dụ: dư trong các đối tượng bên cung cấp cho mộtdấu hiệu cho sự biến dạng của họ. Như một biện pháp cho tuyệt đốivị trí chính xác, sự thay đổi trong các tọa độ có thể được sử dụng.Bằng cách này, các biện pháp này có thể được sử dụng để đánh giá chất lượngkết quả và cho phép tự kiểm tra.
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