Lý thuyết thiết lập mục tiêuLocke and Latham’s (1990) goal-setting theory has had a substantial impact in the field of work motivation. Integrating earlier work by Locke (1968) with aspects of self-efficacy theory (Bandura, 1986), Locke and Latham outlined a general goal-setting theory of motivation. They suggested that people’s goal representations are the efficient causes of behavior and that people’s performance will be maximized when (1) they set specific, difficult goals that have high valence and (2) they understand what behaviors will lead to the goals and feel competent to do those behaviors. This theory, which has received substantial empirical support, is an example of the theories that do not differentiate kinds of motivation. Thus, characteristics of goals (e.g., their difficulty) are used to predict work outcomes, but no attention is given to the fact that different goal contents and different types of regulation of goal pursuits lead to different qualities of performance (e.g., Sheldon & Elliot, 1999; Sheldon, Ryan, Deci, & Kasser, 2004). Furthermore, Locke and Latham do not differentiate the concept of performance in order to examine differences between the types of goals and regulations that predict algorithmic versus heuristic performance. In contrast, SDT proposes that autonomous motivation and intrinsic goals are better predictors of effective performance on heuristic tasks (Vansteenkiste et al., 2004), whereas the two types of motivation do not differ in predicting effective algorithmic performance, particularly over the long term (see, for example, McGraw, 1978). Thus, SDT maintains that differentiating motivation and goals provides an integrated means of relating characteristics of tasks and interpersonal environments, as well as individual differences, to types of performance and well-being. There is a noteworthy point of convergence between the Locke and Latham approach and ours. Specifically, Deci et al. (1994) found that a ‘meaningful rationale’ is one of the important factors that facilitates integrated internalization, and Latham, Erez, and Locke (1988) found that it facilitates goal acceptance.
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