Questions 40-50 In the nineteenth century, oceanography benefited from the new desire to study phenomena on a global scale. Many scientists collected information on the chemical composition, temperature, and pressure of the ocean at various depths and in different Line regions. The difficulty of gathering information about the ocean depths was immense.5 At first ii was believed that the temperatures in the depths never fell below 4 degreesCelsius, until it was shown that the figures were distorted by the effect of pressures on the thermometers. There was intensive study of tides and ocean currents; and a number of physicists examined the forces responsible for the movements of the water. For example, James Reonell provided the first accurate map of the currents in the Atlantic. 10 Ocean, and the United Slates Coast Survey made extensive studies of the Gulf Stream. The zoologist Edward Forbes argued that no lire existed below a depth of 300 fathoms (about 600 meters) a view widely accepted until disproved by the voyage of the British research vessel HMS Challenger(1872-1876)The HMS Challenger expedition provided valuable information about the seabed, including the discovery of manganese nodules IS that are now being seen as a potentially valuable source of minerals.The first detailed map of the seabed was provided for the Atlantic by the American geographer Matthew F. Maury- He devised new techniques for measuring ocean depths, and his work proved of great value in laying the first transatlantic telegraph cables. He also studied global wind patterns and was able to provide sailors with guides that 20 significantly reduced die time taken on many routes. Some oceanographers believed that the winds were responsible for producing ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream, but Maury disagreed. He argued that they were produced by changes in the density of seawater due to temperature, which Bet up systems of movement between warm and cool regions of the world. Maury believed that the circulation of a warm current would 25 produce ice-free sea around the North Pole, a claim not disproved until Fridtjof Nansen 21 Free TOEFL download: www.dethi.net/download.htm Free TOEFL news: www.dethi.com Free scholarship: www.hocbong.org allowed his vessel The Pram to be carded to within a few degrees of the pole in the years 1893-1896. 40. What does this passage mainly discuss? (A) Exploration of the Atlantic Ocean seabed (B) Differences between the Gulf Stream and other ocean currents (C) Oceanography in the nineteenth century (D) The reaction of water to temperature changes 41. According to the passage, what led to advances in the study of oceans? (A) An interest in conducting ocean research on a worldwide level (B) A disagreement between American and British (C) The development of new global weather patterns (D) The use of thermometers that could withstand deep ocean pressures 42. The word "accurate" in line 9 is closest in meaning to (A) correct (B) published (C) detailed (D) accepted 43. According to the passage, Edward Forbes held which of the following opinions? (A) The Golf Stream did not extend below 300 fathoms. (B) Nothing lived in the ocean below 300 fathoms. (C) The discoveries of the HMS Challenger were false. (D) Manganese nodules were a potentially valuable source of minerals. 44. The word "expedition" in line 13 is closest in meaning to (A) boat (B) evidence (C) voyage (D) route 45. The word "devised" in line 17 is closest in meaning to (A) tested (B) understood (C) popularized (D) developed 46. According to the passage, which of the following is ture of the discoveries of the HMS Challenger? (A) They Jed zoologists to argue that there were no 300 fathoms, 22 Free TOEFL download: www.dethi.net/download.htm Free TOEFL news: www.dethi.com Free scholarship: www.hocbong.org (B) They confirmed theories about (C) They provided no new information about the seabed (D) They revealed an important new mineral source. 47. The word "they" in line 22 refers to (A) routes (B) oceanographere (C) winds (D) currents 48. According to the passage, which of the following is true about Matthew F. Maury? (A) His ship traveled to the North Pole in 1893. (B) He believed winds to be the source of currents. (C) His studies or wind patterns enabled sailors to shorten their travel times. (D) He believed that currents flowed only from warmer regions to cooler ones.
49. The passage suggests which of the following about the visit of The Fram to the
North Pole?
(A) Matthew F. Maury was aboard The Fram when it traveled to the North Pole.
(B) During The Pram's visit to the North Pole. Matthew F. Maury's belief about the
North Pole's sea was tested.
(C) The discoveries of The Pram were later refuted by Matthew F. Maury's discoveries.
(D) The Pram found that the water surrounding the North Pole was ice free.
50. What did the voyages of HMS Challenger (line 13) and The Pram (line 26) have
(A) Both provided new scientific data about the Gulf Stream.
(B) Both disproved previously accepted scientific beliefs.
(C) Both voyages took place at the same time.
(D) Both voyages produced maps of the seabed.
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