©2010 dunglq@epu.edu.vn79UNIT 5 - ELECTRIC MOTORSCONTENTSI. OverviewII. DC motorIII. AC MotorIV. ServomechanismI. OVERVIEWI.1 READINGAn electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy, verytypically through the interaction of magnetic fields and current-carryingconductors. The reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanicalenergy, is accomplished by a generator or dynamo. Many types of electric motorscan be run as generators, and vice versa. For example a starter/generator for a gasturbineorTraction motorsused on vehicles often performboth tasks.Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowersand pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives.They may be powered by direct current (for example a battery powered portabledevice or motor vehicle), or by alternating current from a central electricaldistribution grid. The smallest motors may be found in electric wristwatches.Medium-size motors of highly standardized dimensions and characteristicsprovide convenient mechanical power for industrial uses. The very largest electricmotors are used for propulsion of large ships, and for such purposes as pipelinecompressors, with ratings in the millions of watts. Electric motors may beclassified by the source of electric power, by their internal construction, by theirapplication, or by the type of motion they give.
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The physical principle of production of mechanical force by the interactions of
an electric current and a magnetic field was known as early as 1821. Electric
motors of increasing efficiency were constructed throughout the 19th century, but
commercial exploitation of electric motors on a large scale required efficient
electrical generators and electrical distribution networks.
Some devices, such as magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers, although they
generate some mechanical power, are not generally referred to as electric motors,
and are usually termed actuators and transducers, respectively.
Uses
Electric motors are used in many, if not most, modern machines. Obvious uses
would be in rotating machines such as fans, turbines, drills, the wheels on electric
cars, locomotives and conveyor belts. Also, in many vibrating or oscillating
machines,anelectricmotorspinsanirregularfigurewithmoreareaononesideof
the axle than the other, causing it to appear to be moving up and down.
Electricmotors arealso popularin robotics.They areused to turnthewheelsof
vehicular robots, and servo motors are used to turn arms and legs in humanoid
robots. Inflyingrobots, alongwithhelicopters, a motor causes a propeller or wide,
flatblades to spin and create liftforce,allowing verticalmotion.
Electric motors are replacing hydraulic cylinders in airplanes and military
equipment.
In industrial and manufacturing businesses, electric motors are used to turn
saws and blades in cutting and slicing processes,and to spin gears and mixers (the
latter very common in food manufacturing). Linear motors are often used to push
products into containers horizontally.
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Many kitchen appliances also use electric motors to accomplish various jobs.
Food processors and grinders spin blades to chop and break up foods. Blenders use
electric motors to mix liquids, and microwave ovens use motors to turn the tray
food sits on. Toaster ovens also use electric motors to turn a conveyor to move
food overheating elements.
I.2
VOCABULARY
Conductor[k!n"d#kt!]: dây d$n
Accomplish[!"k%mpl&' ]: hoàn thành
Dynamo["da&n!(m!)]:bìnhphát*i+n
Diverse[da&"v,-s]: *a d.ng
Blower["bl!)!] : b/m t0ng áp
Wristwatch["r&st(w%t']: *1ng h1*eo tay
Propulsion [pr!"p#l'!n] : s2*3y, s2 chuy4n*5ng b6ng l2c*3y
Conveyor[k!n"ve&!]: b0ng chuy7n
Axle["æks!l]:thân c5t
Propeller[pr!"p8l!] : b5 d$n*5ng, b5 truy7n*5ng
I.3
READING COMPREHENSION
1)
Doeselectricmotorcanberunasgenerator ?
2)
Wheredoestheyusethesmallestelectricmotor?
3)
Wheredoestheyusethelargestelectricmotor?
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4)
How doestheyclassifyelectricmotor?
5)
Whendidtheyknow aboutphysicalprincipleofproductionofmechanical
force ?
II.
DC MOTOR
II.1 READING
A DCmotoris anelectric motorthat runs ondirectcurrent(DC) electricity.
Brushed
The brushed DC motor generates torque directly from DC power supplied to
the motor by using internal commutation, stationary permanent magnets, and
rotating electrical magnets. It works on the principle of Lorentz force , which
states thatany currentcarrying conductor placed within an externalmagnetic field
experiences a torque or force known as Lorentz force. Advantages of a brushed
DC motor include low initial cost, high reliability, and simple control of motor
speed. Disadvantages are high maintenance and low life-span for high intensity
uses. Maintenance involves regularly replacing the brushes and springs which
carry the electric current, as well as cleaning or replacing the commutator. These
components are necessary for transferring electricalpower from outside the motor
to the spinning wire windings of therotor inside the motor.
Synchronous
Synchronous DC motors, such as the brushless DC motor and the stepper
motor, require external commutation to generate torque. They lock up if driven
directly by DCpower.However,BLDCmotors are more similarto a synchronous
ac motor.
Brushless
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Brushless DC motors use a rotating permanent magnet in the rotor, and stationary
electrical magnets on the motor housing. A motor controller converts DC to AC.
This design is simpler than that of brushed motors because it eliminates the
complication of transferring power from outside the motor to the spinning rotor.
Advantages of brushless motors include long life span, little or no maintenance,
and high efficiency. Disadvantages include high initialcost, and more complicated
motorspeedcontrollers.
Uncommutated
OthertypesofDC motorsrequirenocommutation.
homopolarmotor-A homopolarmotorhasamagneticfieldalongtheaxisof
rotation and an electric current that at some point is not parallel to the
magnetic field. The name homopolar refers to the absence of polarity
change.
Homopolar motors necessarily have a single-turn coil, which limits them to very
low voltages. Thishas restricted the practicalapplication of this type of motor.
ball bearing motor-A ball bearing motor is an unusual electric motor that
consists of two ball-bearing-typebearings, withtheinner racesmountedon
a common conductive shaft, and the outer races connected to a high current,
low voltage power supply. An alternative construction fits the outer races
inside a metal tube, while the inner races are mounted on a shaft with a
non-conductive section (e.g. two sleeves on an insulating rod). This method
has the advantage that the tube will act as a flywheel. The direction of
rotation is determined by the initial spin which is usually required to get it
going.
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II.2VOCABULARY
Brushed[br#'t]:có ch9ithan
Commutator ["k%mj)(te&t!] : b5 chuy4n m.ch, chuy4n m.ch
Synchronous["s&:kr!n!s] : *1ng b5
Span [sp;n] : b0ng, b7 r5ng, biên*5
Homopolar [(h!)m!)"p!)l!] : */n c2c
Polarity [p!)"lær&t&]: chi7u phân c2c
Sleeve[sli-v] : II.3 READING COMPREHENSION
1)
WhatisDCmotor?
2)
WhatareadvantagesofabrushedDCmotors?
3)
WhataredisadvantagesofabrushlessDCmotors?
4)
Whatareadvantages of a brushed DCmotors ?
5)
WhataredisadvantagesofabrushlessDCmotors?
III. AC MOTOR
III.1 READING
An induction motor (or asynchronous motor or squirrel-cage motor) is a
typeofalternating currentmotorwherepowerissuppliedtotherotorby means of
electromagnetic induction.
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An electric motor converts electrical power to mechanical power in its rotor
(rotatingpart). There are severalways to supply powerto the rotor.In a DC motor
this power is supplied to the armature directly from a DC source, while in an
inductionmotor thispower isinducedintherotatingdevice. Aninductionmotor is
sometimes called a rotating transformer because the stator (stationary part) is
essentially the primary side of the transformer and the rotor (rotating part) is the
secondary side.Unlike the normaltransformerwhichchangesthecurrentbyusing
time varying flux, induction motors use rotating magnetic fields to transform the
voltage. The primary side's current creates an elctromagnetic field which interacts
with the secondary side's electromagnetic field to produce a resultant torque,
thereby transforming the electrical energy into mechanical energy. Induction
motors are widely used, especially polyphase induction motors, which are
frequently used in industrialdrives.
Induction motors are now the preferred choice for industrial motors due to
their rugged construction, absence of brushes (which are required in most DC
motors) and—thankstomodernpower electronics—theabilitytocontrol thespeed
of the motor.
Principle of operation and comparison to synchronous motors
A 3-phase power supply provides a rotating magnetic field in an induction motor.
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The basic difference between an induction motor and a synchronous AC motor
isthat inthelatter acurrent issuppliedintotherotor (usuallyaDCcurrent) which
in turn creates a (circular uniform) magnetic field around the rotor. The rotating
magnetic field of the stator will impose an electromagnetic torque on the still
magnetic field of the rotor causing it to move (about a shaft) and rotation of the
rotor is produced. It is called synchronous because at steady state the speed of the
rotor is the same as the speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator.
By way of contrast, the induction motor does not have any direct supply onto
the rotor; instead, a secondary current is induced in the rotor. To achieve this,
stator windings are arranged around the rotor so that when energised with a
polyphase supply they create a rotating magnetic field
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