The real part of ˜n, namely n, is the same as the normal refractive indexdefined in eqn. 1.2. The imaginary part of ˜n, namely κ, is called theextinction coefficient. As we shall see below, κ is directly related tothe absorption coefficient α of the medium.The relationship between α and κ can be derived by considering thepropagation of plane electromagnetic waves through a medium with acomplex refractive index. If the wave is propagating in the z direction,the spatial and time dependence of the electric field is given by (seeeqn A.32 in Appendix A):
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