Implicit Congestion SignalingWhen network congestion occurs, two things may happen: (1) The transmissiondelay for an individual packet from source to destination increases, so that it isnoticeably longer than the fixed propagation delay, and (2) packets are discarded. Ifa source is able to detect increased delays and packet discards, then it has implicitevidence of network congestion. If all sources can detect congestion and, inresponse, reduce flow on the basis of congestion, then the network congestion willbe relieved.Thus, congestion control on the basis of implicit signaling is the responsibilityof end systems and does not require action on the part of network nodes.Implicit signaling is an effective congestion control technique in connectionless,or datagram, configurations, such as datagram packet-switching networks and IPbasedinternets. In such cases, there are no logical connections through the interneton which flow can be regulated. However, between the two end systems, logical connectionscan be established at the TCP level. TCP includes mechanisms for acknowledgingreceipt of TCP segments and for regulating the flow of data between sourceand destination on a TCP connection. TCP congestion control techniques based onthe ability to detect increased delay and segment loss are discussed in Chapter 20.Implicit signaling can also be used in connection-oriented networks. For example,in frame relay networks, the LAPF control protocol, which is end to end,includes facilities similar to those of TCP for flow and error control. LAPF controlis capable of detecting lost frames and adjusting the flow of data accordingly
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