• Conversion of natural habitat tocropland, urban areas, or other human-dominated ecosystems; • Overexploitation or overharvesting of valuable species; • Introduced nonnative species, including invasive species and introduced pests and diseases; • Pollution of land, water, and air; and • Macro-environmental change, such as climate change, desertification, or disruption of natural disturbance regimes (such as floods or fires). Examples of root causes of threats to biodiversity include: • Inequality and poverty; • Demographic change, migration, and conflict; • Public policies and structures; • Global and local market forces; and • Rapid social (including public health crises) and cultural change. Comprehensive threats-based biodiversity conservation requires an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to understand both the social and biological processes and their dynamics at an ecoregional scale. The references at the end of this chapter provide examples of how threats are identified in practice by some of the conservation organizations who are partners in USAID’s Global Conservation Program. The references also explain large-scale, systemic causes of threats to biodiversity.
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