Đẩy và kéo lý thuyết. Kể từ khi bắt đầu nghiên cứu du lịch, các học giả đã cố gắng classiíy động lực vào loại khác nhau. Identiíying đòi hỏi các động lực của khách truy cập một khái niệm chung chung. Crompton (1979) thị trường du lịch phân thành bốn: kinh doanh du lịch, govemment hoặc công ty kinh doanh du lịch, đi du lịch để truy cập vào íriends và các họ hàng và niềm vui kỳ nghỉ du lịch. Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu của Crompton là động cơ identiíying đạo diễn niềm vui đi du lịch, lựa chọn các điểm đến, và phát triển một khuôn khổ khái niệm sẽ tích hợp các động cơ như vậy. Crompton của nghiên cứu khám phá các ganh đua động cơ tâm lý xã hội có thể useíul không chỉ trong việc giải thích đẩy ban đầu để có một kỳ nghỉ, nhưng cũng có thể có chỉ thị tiềm năng trực tiếp tovvard du lịch điểm đến speciíic. Crompton (1979) identiíied hai lớp của xã hội - tâm lý động lực: ổ đĩa đầu tiên quyết định ban đầu để đi trên một kỳ nghỉ, và một trong những tiếp theo tạo điều kiện của một trong những quyết định liên quan đến điểm đến địa điểm/sự kiện. Mức độ đầu tiên của động lực tạo ra mong muốn đi du lịch và mức độ thứ hai động lựcảnh hưởng đến việc lựa chọn các điểm đến. Một khi một người quyết định đi trên một kỳ nghỉ, không có nhiều động cơ thúc đẩy íactors đó tác động đến giai đoạn thứ hai (ví dụ, việc lựa chọn các điểm đến). Thú vị từ một quan điểm nghiên cứu là lý do tại sao mọi người sẽ chọn cách truy cập các trang web reenactment thay vì đi cho một niềm vui kỳ nghỉ tại bãi biển hoặc một khu nghỉ mát sang trọng. Trong luận án này, trọng tâm là ở cấp độ thứ hai của động lực mà các ổ đĩa các lựa chọn của reenactment trang web trong số các khách du lịch.Several studies have been conducted on traveler motivation and tourist destination choices that conceptualize how potential tourists narrow destination choices in order to make a decision (Botha, Crompton, & Kim, 1999). Botha, et al. (1999) identiíied three types of criteria that prevail in the destination choice process: personal motivations (push íactors), destination attributes (pull íactors), and situational inhibitors. The motivation to visit a speciíìc destination comes from a two-step process (Dann, 1981). First, push íactors are considered. These íactors relate to the importance of home environment and its conditioning on the potential tourist and result in noting various needs and pressures that motivate the potential tourist to act. The subsequent act of destination selection and travel is analyzed in terms of its ability to correspond to identiíiable needs and pressures (pull íactors). Studying push and pull relationships, Kim and Lee (2002) described íòrmation of a demand-supply relationship. The demand-side approach of the push íactors clariíied the tourist decision-making process, whereas pull íactors were viewed from the supply-side dimension. There is a need to gather reliable knowledge about the interaction of these íactors to aid marketers and developers of tourism destination areas in successíully coupling push and pull íactors (Uysal & Jurowski, 1994). In his work on psychological motivations behind travel needs, Gnoth (1997) emphasized the situational parameters in which motives are expressed (the cognitive approach); for example, a death of a loved one could motivate a person to travel in order to cope and heal. According to Gnoth (1997), tourism is a response to needs and acquired values within temporal, spatial, social, and economic parameters. Here, travel motivations are psychological and focus upon push factors, not pull factors. Gnoth (1997), acknowledging the impact of push factors behind travel motivations, explained that push factors in tourism are intemally generated drives causing the tourist to search for signs in objects, situations, and events that offer the promise of reducing prominent drives. In situations such as traveling to a new destination or participating in a new form of tourism, often a tourist has to depend more on drives as motivators (the push factors) in addition to pull factors, because it may not be clear how a particular destination will serve to satisfy his or her desires. Gnoth’s analysis is very well synchronized with Dann’s theory of fulfilling psychological needs through tourism experience. So far, much of the tourism research on travel motivation is based on the concept of psychological needs that are formed within a human being and generate a drive that motivates the individual to consider a vacation or travel-choices. Thus, psychological need is an intrinsic drive and is the basis of tourist motivation (Gnoth, 1997).First to use the term push factor, Dann (1977) refeưed to motivational iníluences on an individual as a signiíĩcant source of disequilibrium that can be coưected through a tourism experience. Crompton (1979) classified two types of tourist motivations, push and pull factors, a classification commonly applied in tourism research since his earlyanalysis. Distinguishing between push factors and pull factors, Gnoth (1997) pointed out that pull factors are generated by the knowledge about goal attributes the tourist holds for his or her experience, and they depend on cognitively penetrable parameters. In contrast, he considered push factors to allow a versatile response to differing extemal situations, suggesting that push íactors would dominate decisions in selection of potential destinations that are íunctionally equivalent. Dann (1977) observed that a preference had been displayed by tourists toward pull íactors in seeking to explain why tourists travel.As a result, push factors, related to a changeable set of needs, are often either placed in abeyance or given minimal consideration. When more preíerence is given to pull factors, the factors reflect concrete or visual aspects of a destination experience that can be weighed comparatively for psychological identification. Each destination has a speciíic set of pull íactors, and even the particular pull íactors attracting One individual could differ for another individual for a given destination. On the other hand, push factors originate in individual psychological uniqueness as intrinsic drives associated with íeelings and needs.According to Crompton (1979), many discussions of tourist motivation have revolved around the concepts of pull and push. Traditionally, push motives have been thought useíul for explaining the desire to go on a vacation, while pull motives have been thought useful for explaining the choice of destination. In their study, Uysal and Jurowski (1994) explained a similar concept in more detail to examine push and pull íactors. They stated that most push factors are intrinsic motivators, such as the desire for escape, rest and relaxation, prestige, health and fitness, adventure or novelty, and social interaction. Pull íactors are qualities that emerge as a result of the attractiveness of a destination (or a typical form of tourism) as it is perceived by those with the propensity to travel. Dann (1977) stated that an examination of push factors is thus logically, and often temporally, antecedent to that of pull íactors. The proposed research examines the relative inAuence of a set of push factors that may impact visiting reenactment sites.Based on review of the contemporary literature, it is found that Maslow’s theory of “needs hierarchy” is the basis of Pearce’s (1996) study on travel career ladder. Maslow’s analysis is also consistent with that done by Dann (1977) and Crompton (1979) in which each identiíied tourism as a means of meeting psychological needs.Crompton’s (1979) study of motivations for pleasure vacations was concemed with emphasizing the intra-individual íorces that promote travel behavior. As a preíace to a small-scale empirical study, Crompton reviewed tourist motivation literature and drew several conclusions that are highly consistent with basic motivation theory. In his research notes, Crompton (1979) established the fact that pull íactors are those that attract the tourist to a given site and whose value is seen to reside in the object of travel. Push factors, on the other hand, refer to the tourist as subject and deal with those factors predisposing people to travel for specific experiences (e.g., prestige, nostalgia, etc).Given that the potential tourist lives in an anomic society, it is claimed that a possible push íactor for travel lies in the desire to transcend the feeling of isolation experienced in everyday life, where the tourist simply wishes to “get away from it all” and experience change in one or more ways.
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