1-Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
SCII!N CI! @OIRI!CT'
Applied Surface Science 252 (200fi) 48R6---4R96
2- applied
surface science
www.elsevicr.corn/locate/apsusc
3- New PLAD apparatus and fabrication of epitaxial films
and junctions of functional materials: SiC, GaN,
ZnO, diamond and GMR layers
4- Hachizo Muto *, Takeshi Kusumori, Toshiyuki Nakamura,
Takashi Asano, Takahiro Hori
5 - Materials Research Institute for Sustainable Development, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) ChI/1m,
2266-98 Shimo-Shidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
Received 3 May 2005; accepted IS July 2005
Available online 24 October 2005
6 - Abstract
7 -We have developed a new pulsed laser ablation-cleposition (PLAD) apparatus and techniques for fabricating films of high-temperature or functional materials
8- including two short-wavelength lasers: (a) a YAG 5th harmonic (213 nm) and (b) Raman-shifted lasers containing vacuum ultraviolet light
9- also involved are (c) a high-temperature heater with a maximum temperature of 1350 "C, (d) dual-target simultaneous ablation mechanics, and (e) hybrid PLAD using a pi co-second YAG laser combined with (c) and/or (e1).
10- Using the high-Theater, hetero-epitaxial films of 3C-, 2H- and 4H-SiC have been prepared on sapphire-c. In situ p-doping for GaN epitaxial films is achieved by simultaneous ablation of GaN and
Mg targets by (d) during film growth
11- Junctions such as pGaN (Mg-dopedj-filrn/n-Si'Clf 0 01) substrate and pGaN/n-Si(l 1 I) show good diode characteristics.
12- Epitaxial films with a diamond lattice can be grown on the sapphire-c plane by hybrid PLAD (e) with a high-Theater using a 6H- SiC target.
13- High quality epitaxial films of ZnO are grown by PLAD by introducing a low-temperature self-buffer layer: magnetization of ferromagnetic materials is enforced by overlaying on a ferromagnetic lattice plane of an anti-ferromagnetic material
14- showing the value of the layer-overlaying method in improving quality. The short-wavelength lasers are useful in reducing surface particles on functional films, including
superconductors.
15- © 2005 Elsevier B.Y. Al1 rights reserved.
Keywords: PLAD apparatus; Epitaxial film;
Functional material
16- 1. Introduction
17- Pulsed laser ablation (PLA) is in practical use in industrial
and medical fields concerned with cutting and processing
techniques [1,2], and evaporation methods for chemical
analyses [3].
18- Phase conversion from amorphous Si to
polycrystals is studied by a laser annealing technique at
intermediate laser energy densities suitable for preparing
electro-optical devices [4].
19- PLAD has many advantages
including high quality film preparation and wide applicability
to almost any material.. It has been intensively studied for a
number of materials [1,5-8]. However, film preparation by
PLAD is rarely used in industry because of its high cost. New
20- PLAD techniques should be developed that can be applied to
high value materials, such as next generation semiconductors
and substances with very high growth temperature which are
still difficult to fabricate.
21- We have presently developed new PLAD apparatus and
techniques for working with high-temperature materials or
functional materials such as metal oxide superconductors, SiC,
GaN, ZnO, diamond and GMR. For superconductors the
problem is that impurity particles occur on the film surface by
PLAD and disturb the device processing. o.-Types of SiC need
so high growth temperatures (usually 1600-2400 "C) that
hetero-epitaxial films had not been fabricated until our work.
GaN also needs a high growth temperature and still exhibits
difficulties in p-type doping. The doping can be achieved by
CVD or PVE using organo-metallic compounds of Mg.
However, to activate the p-type dopant it needs post-processing
by electron beam irradiation or thermal annealing at elevated (22-) temperatures. p-Type doping of ZnO is also difficult. High
quality ZnO films with a low free carrier concentration are
necessary to achieve doping, since the native n-carriers cancel
the doped holes. Preparation of diamond films has also
problems in the cost and quality. Raising Curie temperature is
desired for ferromagnetic materials to be applied to Giant
magneto-resistance and magneto-tunneling devices
23- The apparatus and techniques presently developed involve
two short-wavelength lasers: (a) a YAG 5th harmonic and (b)
Raman-shifted lasers (c) a high-temperature heater, (d) dual-
target simultaneous ablation mechanics, and (e) hybrid PLAD
using a pico-second YAG laser combined with (c) and/or (d).
High quality epitaxial films of NdBa2Cu)Oy and YBa2Cu)Oy
superconductors with a low density of droplets can be
fabricated using the short-wave lasers (a) and (b), respectively.
Using the high-Theater (1100-1350 "C), hetero-epitaxial films
of 3C-, 2H- and 4H-polytypes of SiC have been prepared on c-
sapphire. In situ p-doping of GaN epitaxial films is achieved by
simultaneous ablation of GaN and Mg targets by (d) during film
growth. Junctions such as Mg-doped GaN-film/n-SiC(O 0 0 1)
substrate and Mg-doped GaN/n-Si(l I 1) show good diode
characteristic of the pin junction. Epitaxial films with a
diamond lattice can be grown on the sapphire-c plane by hybrid
PLAD (e) with a high-T heater (1000°C) using a 6H-SiC
target. High quality epitaxial films of ZnO are grown at
",750°C by PLAD by introducing a low-temperature self-
buffer layer at 500°C. Magnetization of a ferromagnetic
material, Lal_xPb,MnO>" is enforced by overlaying it on a
ferromagnetic lattice plane of an anti-ferromagnetic material
LaFe03, which raised the Curie temperature. The last two
results show the value of the layer-overlaying method in
improving quality.
24- 2. Experimental, results and discussion
25- PLAD involves three processes: (1) decomposition of the
target into small particles by applying a pulsed laser with high
energy density; (II) reactions of the high energy particles in
flight to the substrate; (III) migration of the particles and
reconstruction of the crystalline phase after collision with the
substrate. For fabrication of high quality films it is necessary to
control and optimize these processes. Of the presently
developed apparatus, (a) the 5th harmonic (213 nm) of the
YAG laser, (b) the Raman-shifted laser and (e) hybrid-Pl.Af)
using a pi co-second laser all relate to process (I). Dual-target
simultaneous ablation technique (d) relates to processes (II) and
(III) and high-temperature heater (c) to process (III). The
experimental setups of the apparatus presently used and
developed are summarized along with the used parameters in
the last section (Appendix).
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