The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the algo- rithms for the duplicate-grouping problem are presented. The randomized algorithms are based on the universal class of multiplicative hash func- tions. The randomized closest-pair algorithm is described in Section 3 and analyzed in Section 4. The last section contains some concluding remarks and comments on experimental results. Technical proofs regarding the problem of generating primes and probability estimates are given in Appendices A and B.
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