Listening comprehension—both reciprocal and non-reciprocal—is verydifficult for language learners. When listening, they need to recognize whatthey hear and produce their own language to respond to it, but it is notpossible to control the input delivered to them. Numerous features of spokenlanguage conveyed instantaneously by the speakers such as different accents,speech rates, and the requirement of different background knowledge, cancause problems in listening. Apart from that, there are still many factorscausing listening problems: listening difficulties themselves (e.g. linguisticfeatures: phonetic, phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic, pragmaticand language variations), inappropriate learning environments (monolingualcontexts, unauthentic teaching materials or tasks, lack of interaction in English,a large number of learners per class, etc.), Thai students’ unfavorable learninghabits (e.g. being passive, being shy to use language, not enough responsibilityto learn), and insufficient strategy training, to name a few.
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