12 giờ từ nhập học, AST là 1.836 U/L; ALT 1.232 U/L; LDH 1,471 U/L; Tất cả bilir ubin 7.2 mg/dL; trực tiếp bilir ubin 3.1 mg/dL; PT 73,1 giây; và INR 6.86. Khi các phân tích khí máu động mạch, các bệnh nhân đã toan chuyển hoá với một khoảng cách bình thường anion (AG) và thở y alkalosis (pH 7,38; ngang chướng áp lực của cacbon mmHg 26,5 điôxít [pCO2]; áp suất thành phần của oxy [pO2] 49,5 mmHg; bicarbonate [HCO3] 17,8 mmol/L; căn cứ dư thừa [Có] 8.8 mmol/L). Tươi đông lạnh plasma được quản lý một liều lượng 15 mL/kg, và suốt được biểu diễn nhất 3 giờ. 30 giờ tình trạng chung của bệnh nhân đã bắt đầu xấu đi. Ông là somnolent và tachypneic nhẹ. Trình độ AST của ông là 1.900 U/L; ALT 1.473 U/L; LDH 2.582 NGƯỜI U/L; PT 76,5 giây; INR 7,22; hemoglobin (Hb) 12,5 g/dL; và tiểu cầu (PLTs) 123,000/mm3. Chúng tôi tư vấn cam-tee để cấy ghép gan, nhưng vì của bệnh nhân ung thư ruột kết, ứng dụng của chúng tôi đã không được chấp nhận. Phương pháp điều trị hiện tại được tiếp tục. Suốt được thực hiện một lần nữa cho 4 giờ, và tươi đông lạnh plasma đã được đưa ra một lần nữa. Sau khi chạy thận và tươi đông lạnh plasma thay thế, AST là 1.843 U/L; ALT 984 U/L; LDH 3,826 U/L; PT 42.6 giây; và INR 3.71. Một t 4 8 h o bạn đang s f r o m t h e t tôi m e o f một d m tôi s s tôi o n, A S T wa s 1.207 U/L; ALT 1.797 U/L; LDH 4,318 U/L; Tất cả bilirubin 9.8 mg/dL; trực tiếp bilir ubin 3.3 mg/dL; PT 47.7 giây; INR 4,21; HB 11,8 g/dL; và PLTs 33.000/mm3. Máu động mạch khí phân tích cho thấy cao AG trao đổi chất toan with respiratory alkalosis (pH 7.36; pCO2 20.3 mmHg; pO2 52.3 mmHg; HCO3 14.7 mmol/L; BE13 mmol/L; and AG 25.3 mmol/L). His fibrinogen level was in the normal range (200-400 mg/dL) and D-dimer concentration was elevated (.2000g/L). No schistocytes were apparent in a peripheral blood smear. The patient had developed a flapping tremor. His blood ammonia level was 281g/dL. Hepatic encephalopathy treatment, including 500 mL of branched chain amino acid solution (HepatAmine®; B. Braun Medical Inc, Irvine, CA, USA) over a 12-hour period and infusion of ornithine- aspartate at a dose of 20 g/day and lactulose at a dose of 45 g/day, was started. At 54 hours AST was 3,570 U/L; ALT 3,282 U/L; LDH 4,379 U/L; total bilirubin 12.4 mg/dL; PT 111 seconds; INR 11.05; and PLTs 29,000/mm3. Hemodialysis was per- formed for 4 hours and fresh frozen plasma was given again. At 60 hours, PT was 34.6 seconds; INR 2.92; Hb 8.6 g/dL; and PLTs 12,000/mm3. One unit of erythrocyte suspension was given. Discussion There are various types of wild mushrooms growing in forests and meadows which are often eaten by the local population.5Over 5,000 species of mushrooms are presumed to be found worldwide.1 Poisonous and nonpoisonous mushrooms can be distinguished via previous experiences and observations.5 Among mushrooms, only 20%-25% have been named and only 3% of these are poisonous.1 Because of the relatively high number of underreported cases, the exact incidence of mushroom poisoning cannot be precisely estimated, however, amatoxin poisoning is a worldwide problem. In Western Europe, approximately 50-100 fatal cases are reported every year.6 This is less common in the United States; however, cases of amatoxin poisoning in Africa, Asia, Australia, and Central and South America have been also described.6 In Turkey, the main portion of plant toxicities comprises mushroom poisoning. The adverse effects, which range from mild gastrointestinal symptoms to major cytotoxic effects (organ failure and death), depend on the type of mushroom. It has been reported that the amatoxin-related symptoms of mushroom poisonings began at 6-24 hours after the initial ingestion, and the most common first-noticed symptoms were gastrointestinal disturbance.7 Determination of the latency period of symptoms after ingestion is very important in the treatment of mushroom poisoning because late toxicities (symptom onset more than 6 hours after ingestion) due to liver and renal failure are life-threatening and even fatal. Amatoxin poisoning must be suspected especially in patients who have jaundice after an acute gastrointestinal episode. Our patient was admitted to emergency service 36 hours after ingestion, so we observed the late toxicities. Alpha-amanitin (-AMA) constitutes the main component of amatoxins, and it is presumably responsible for the toxic effect, along with beta-amanitin.8 Cooking does not destroy these amatoxins, and they can exist in the mushroom even after long periods of cold storage.9 The lethal dose may be as little as 0.1 mg/kg body weight in adults, and this amount can be adsorbed even by ingesting a single mushroom. A c o n s i d e r a b l e p o r t i o n o f a m a t o x i n i s t a k e n u p by hepatocytes, excreted into the bile, and reabsorbed by the enterohepatic cycle.10 The amatoxins inhibit the hepatic formation of mRNA by binding to RNA polymerase II.11 Hepatocellular uptake of-AMA, the major amatoxin, is followed by significant hepatocyte damage and causes acute liver failure (ALF) in Amanita phalloides intoxications.12 As a result of hepatocyte damage in the poisonings with Amanita species, AST and ALT levels increase in the serum.13 Eren et al14 showed that the patients who died had very high AST (2,075-3,464 U/L ) and ALT (2,345-4,048 U/L) levels. Over 5,000 species of mushrooms are presumed to be found worldwide.1 Poisonous and nonpoisonous mushrooms can be distinguished via previous experiences and observations.5 Among mushrooms, only 20%-25% have been named and only 3% of these are poisonous.1 Because of the relatively high number of underreported cases, the exact incidence of mushroom poisoning cannot be precisely estimated, however, amatoxin poisoning is a worldwide problem. In Western Europe, approximately 50-100 fatal cases are reported every year.6 This is less common in the United States; however, cases of amatoxin poisoning in Africa, Asia, Australia, and Central and South America have been also described.6 In Turkey, the main portion of plant toxicities comprises mushroom poisoning. The adverse effects, which range from mild gastrointestinal symptoms to major cytotoxic effects (organ failure and death), depend on the type of mushroom. It has been reported that the amatoxin-related symptoms of mushroom poisonings began at 6-24 hours after the initial ingestion, and the most common first-noticed symptoms were gastrointestinal disturbance.7 Determination of the latency period of symptoms after ingestion is very important in the treatment of mushroom poisoning because late toxicities (symptom onset more than 6 hours after ingestion) due to liver and renal failure are life-threatening and even fatal. Amatoxin poisoning must be suspected especially in patients who have jaundice after an acute gastrointestinal episode. Our patient was admitted to emergency service 36 hours after ingestion, so we observed the late toxicities. Alpha-amanitin (-AMA) constitutes the main component of amatoxins, and it is presumably responsible for the toxic effect, along with beta-amanitin.8 Cooking does not destroy these amatoxins, and they can exist in the mushroom even after long periods of cold storage.9 The lethal dose may be as little as 0.1 mg/kg body weight in adults, and this amount can be adsorbed even by ingesting a single mushroom. A c o n s i d e r a b l e p o r t i o n o f a m a t o x i n i s t a k e n u p by hepatocytes, excreted into the bile, and reabsorbed by the enterohepatic cycle.10 The amatoxins inhibit the hepatic formation of mRNA by binding to RNA polymerase II.11 Hepatocellular uptake of-AMA, the major amatoxin, is followed by significant hepatocyte damage and causes acute liver failure (ALF) in Amanita phalloides intoxications.12 As a result of hepatocyte damage in the poisonings with Amanita species, AST and ALT levels increase in the serum.13 Eren et al14 showed that the patients who died had very high AST (2,075-3,464 U/L ) and ALT (2,345-4,048 U/L) levels. after AST and ALT values rose, demonstrating a significant relationship between mortality and AST and ALT levels. As a result of this, AST and ALT levels can be used as a prog- nostic marker of mushroom poisoning or an indication for liver transplantation.14 Increases in LDH levels, as a result of leakage, can be used as a good marker of cell damage because it is located almost entirely in the cytoplasm.15 Thus, it can be concluded that decreased viability of hepatocytes treated with-AMA was related to significant morphologi- cal derangements (disruption of cell membrane). In our case, AST, ALT, and LDH always remained high. After receiving hemodialysis and fresh frozen plasma replacement on the twelfth hour these values showed a slight decrease, and then increased again. The clinical picture of Amanita phalloides poisoning can range from a mild subclinical presentation to a lethal fulminant course. As a result, not all patients with Amanita phalloides poisoning develop ALF and have a fatal outcome. Amanita phalloides intoxication has four consecu- tive phases in the classical course: lag phase, gastrointestinal phase, apparent convalescence, and ALF. ALF is the last phase in which the transaminases rise dramatically and liver and renal function deteriorate. This process results in hyper- bilirubinemia, coagulopathy, hypoglycemia, acidosis, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatorenal syndrome.16 Multiorgan failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, mesenteric thrombosis, convulsions, and death may result within 1-3 weeks after ingestion.17 Our patient was diagnosed with ALF because of high ammonia levels, flapping tremor, and hepa- torenal syndrome. Despite our quick contact with the liver transplantation center, the patient was refused because of the colon carcinoma.18 The contraindications of liver transplanta- tion in acute liver failure is mentioned in Table 4. Metabolic acidosis is associated with substantial morb
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