CROSS-CULTURAL MANAGEMENT  Managing a truly global multinational compa dịch - CROSS-CULTURAL MANAGEMENT  Managing a truly global multinational compa Ba Tư làm thế nào để nói

CROSS-CULTURAL MANAGEMENT Managing

CROSS-CULTURAL MANAGEMENT
Managing a truly global multinational company would obviously be much simpler if it required only one set of objectives ,goals,policies,products and services.But local differences often make this impossible .The conflict between globalization and localization has led to the invention of the word “ glocalization ”.Companies that want to be successful in foreign markets have to be aware of the local cultural characteristics that affect the way business is done.
A fairy obvious cultural divide that has been much studied is the one between ,on the one hand ,the countries of North America and north-west Europe ,where management is largely based on analysis ,rationality ,logic and systems,on the other ,the Latin cultures of southern Europe and South America ,where personal relations,intuition,emotion and sensitivity are of much greater importance.
The largely Protestant cultures on both sides of the North Atlantic (Canada ,the USA ,Britain,the Neverlands,Germany,Scandinavia) are essentially individualist.In such cultures ,status has to be achieved.You don’t automatically respect people just because they’ve been in the company for 30 years ,A young ,dynamic ,aggressive manager with an MBA (a master in Bussiness Administration degree) can quickly rise in the hierarchy.In most Latin anf Asian cultures ,on the contrary ,status is automatically accorded to the boss ,who is more likely to be in his fifties or sixties than in his thirties.This is particularly true in Japan ,where companies traditionally have a policy of promotion by seniority .A 50-year-old Japanese manager ,or a Greek or Italian or Chilean one ,would quite simply be offended by having to negotiate with an aggressive ,well-educated,but inexperienced American or German 20 years his junior.He would also want to take time to get to know the person with whom he was negotiating ,and would not appreciate an assertive America who wanted to sign a deal immediately and take the next plane home
In northern cultures ,the principles of pay-for-performance often successfully motivates sales people.The more you sell,the more you get paid.But the principle might well be resisted in more collectivist cultures ,and in countries where rewards and promotion are accepted to came with age and experience.Trompenaars gives the example of a sales rep in an Italian subsidiary of a US multinational campany who was given a huge quarterly bonus under a new policy imposed by head office .His sales - which had been hign for years - declines dramatically during the following three months .It was later discovered that he was deliberately trying not to sell mor ethan any of his colleagues ,so as not to reveal their inadequacies.He was also desperate not to earn more than his boss,which he thought would be an unthinkable humiliation that would force the boss to resign immediately .
Trompenaars also reports that Singaporean and Indonesian managers objected that pay-for-performance caused salesman to pressure customers into buying products thay didn’t really need,which was not only bad for long term business relations,but quite simply unfair and ethically wrong
Another example of an American idea that doesn’t work well in Latin countries is matrix management .The task-oriented logic of matrix management conflicts with the principle of loyalty to the all important line superior ,the functional boss.You can’t have two bosses any more than you can have two fathers.Andrea’ Laurent ,a French researcher ,has said that in his experience ,French managers would rather see an organization die than tolerate a system in which a few subordinates have to two bosses.
In discussing people’s relationships with their boss and their colleagues and friends ,Trompenaars distinguishes between universalist and particularist .The formal believe that rules are extremely important ; the latter believe that personal relationships and friendships should take precedence.Consequently ,each group thinks that the other is corrupt.Universalists say that particularists cannot be trusted because thay will always help their friends ,while the second groups says of the first you cannot trust them ;they would not even help a friends,According to Trompenaars ‘ data ,there are many more particularists in Latin and Asian countries than Autralia ,the USA ,Canada ,or north -west Europe...
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CROSS-CULTURAL MANAGEMENT Managing a truly global multinational company would obviously be much simpler if it required only one set of objectives ,goals,policies,products and services.But local differences often make this impossible .The conflict between globalization and localization has led to the invention of the word “ glocalization ”.Companies that want to be successful in foreign markets have to be aware of the local cultural characteristics that affect the way business is done. A fairy obvious cultural divide that has been much studied is the one between ,on the one hand ,the countries of North America and north-west Europe ,where management is largely based on analysis ,rationality ,logic and systems,on the other ,the Latin cultures of southern Europe and South America ,where personal relations,intuition,emotion and sensitivity are of much greater importance. The largely Protestant cultures on both sides of the North Atlantic (Canada ,the USA ,Britain,the Neverlands,Germany,Scandinavia) are essentially individualist.In such cultures ,status has to be achieved.You don’t automatically respect people just because they’ve been in the company for 30 years ,A young ,dynamic ,aggressive manager with an MBA (a master in Bussiness Administration degree) can quickly rise in the hierarchy.In most Latin anf Asian cultures ,on the contrary ,status is automatically accorded to the boss ,who is more likely to be in his fifties or sixties than in his thirties.This is particularly true in Japan ,where companies traditionally have a policy of promotion by seniority .A 50-year-old Japanese manager ,or a Greek or Italian or Chilean one ,would quite simply be offended by having to negotiate with an aggressive ,well-educated,but inexperienced American or German 20 years his junior.He would also want to take time to get to know the person with whom he was negotiating ,and would not appreciate an assertive America who wanted to sign a deal immediately and take the next plane home In northern cultures ,the principles of pay-for-performance often successfully motivates sales people.The more you sell,the more you get paid.But the principle might well be resisted in more collectivist cultures ,and in countries where rewards and promotion are accepted to came with age and experience.Trompenaars gives the example of a sales rep in an Italian subsidiary of a US multinational campany who was given a huge quarterly bonus under a new policy imposed by head office .His sales - which had been hign for years - declines dramatically during the following three months .It was later discovered that he was deliberately trying not to sell mor ethan any of his colleagues ,so as not to reveal their inadequacies.He was also desperate not to earn more than his boss,which he thought would be an unthinkable humiliation that would force the boss to resign immediately . Trompenaars also reports that Singaporean and Indonesian managers objected that pay-for-performance caused salesman to pressure customers into buying products thay didn’t really need,which was not only bad for long term business relations,but quite simply unfair and ethically wrong Another example of an American idea that doesn’t work well in Latin countries is matrix management .The task-oriented logic of matrix management conflicts with the principle of loyalty to the all important line superior ,the functional boss.You can’t have two bosses any more than you can have two fathers.Andrea’ Laurent ,a French researcher ,has said that in his experience ,French managers would rather see an organization die than tolerate a system in which a few subordinates have to two bosses. In discussing people’s relationships with their boss and their colleagues and friends ,Trompenaars distinguishes between universalist and particularist .The formal believe that rules are extremely important ; the latter believe that personal relationships and friendships should take precedence.Consequently ,each group thinks that the other is corrupt.Universalists say that particularists cannot be trusted because thay will always help their friends ,while the second groups says of the first you cannot trust them ;they would not even help a friends,According to Trompenaars ‘ data ,there are many more particularists in Latin and Asian countries than Autralia ,the USA ,Canada ,or north -west Europe...
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مدیریت میان فرهنگی
مدیریت یک شرکت چند ملیتی واقعا جهانی بدیهی است که بسیار ساده تر می شود اگر آن مورد نیاز تنها یک مجموعه ای از اهداف، اهداف، سیاست ها، محصولات و services.But تفاوت های محلی اغلب این درگیری .این غیر ممکن بین جهانی شدن و محلی سازی به رهبری را اختراع کلمه "جهان محلی" .Companies که می خواهید می شود در بازارهای خارجی موفق باید از ویژگی های فرهنگی محلی که بر کسب و کار راه انجام شده است آگاه است.
پری شکاف فرهنگی آشکار است که بسیار مورد مطالعه قرار گرفته یکی از بین است، در از یک سو، کشورهای امریکا شمالی و شمال غرب اروپا، که در آن مدیریت است تا حد زیادی در تجزیه و تحلیل، عقلانیت، منطق و سیستم های مبتنی بر، از سوی دیگر، فرهنگ لاتین جنوب اروپا و جنوب امریکا، که در آن روابط شخصی، شهود، احساسات و حساسیت اهمیت به مراتب بیشتر است.
فرهنگ تا حد زیادی پروتستان در هر دو طرف اقیانوس اطلس شمالی (کانادا، ایالات متحده آمریکا، بریتانیا، Neverlands، آلمان، اسکاندیناوی) اساسا individualist.In چنین فرهنگ، وضعیت را به achieved.You دان تی به طور خودکار مردم احترام بگذارند فقط به خاطر اینکه آنها در این شرکت به مدت 30 سال بوده است، A، پویا، مدیر تهاجمی جوان با MBA (کارشناسی ارشد در رشته مدیریت بازرگانی) می تواند به سرعت در hierarchy.In لاتین ترین فرهنگ ANF آسیا افزایش می یابد، در مقابل، وضعیت به طور خودکار به رئیس، است که به احتمال زیاد در دهه پنجاه یا شصت خود از در thirties.This خود اعطا در ژاپن، که در آن شرکت به طور سنتی یک سیاست گسترش دارند توسط ارشد زاده 50 ساله به خصوص درست است بدهید ژاپنی ها بوسیله، و یا یک یونانی یا ایتالیایی یا شیلی، کاملا به سادگی با داشتن به مذاکره با تهاجمی، به خوبی آموزش، اما آمریکا بی تجربه یا آلمانی 20 سال junior.He خود را نیز می خواهید را به زمان برای رسیدن به جرم می شود بدانند که شخص به کسی که با او مذاکره، و نه قدردانی امریکا قاطعانه که می خواستند به امضای قرارداد بلافاصله و هواپیما بعد صفحه
در فرهنگ های شمالی، اصول پرداخت برای عملکرد اغلب با موفقیت انگیزه people.The فروش بیشتر شما فروش، بیشتر به شما گرفتن paid.But اصل به خوبی ممکن است در فرهنگ های جمع تر مقاومت می شود، و در کشورهایی که پاداش و ارتقاء پذیرفته به با سن و experience.Trompenaars آمد می دهد نمونه ای از یک هرزه فروش در یک شرکت تابعه ایتالیایی آمریکا campany چند ملیتی که یک جایزه سه ماهه بزرگ تحت یک سیاست جدید اعمال شده توسط دفتر مرکزی داده شد .His فروش - که برای سال hign شده بود - کاهش به طور چشمگیری در طول سه ماه پس .این بعدا کشف شد که او عمدا تلاش به فروش MOR اتان هر یک از همکاران خود، به طوری که برای آشکار نمی inadequacies.He خود را نیز از جان گذشته به کسب بیش از رئیس خود را، که او فکر خواهد بود تحقیر غیر قابل تصور است که رئیس مجبور به استعفا بلافاصله نیست.
ترومپنار همچنین گزارش می دهد که سنگاپوری و مدیران اندونزی اعتراض کرد که پرداخت برای عملکرد باعث فروشنده به مشتریان فشار را به خرید محصولات thay واقعا لازم نیست، که تنها برای روابط بلند مدت کسب و کار بد نیست، اما کاملا به سادگی ناعادلانه و اخلاقی اشتباه
مثال دیگر از یک ایده آمریکایی که نشانی تی به خوبی کار در کشورهای لاتین مدیریت ماتریس .این منطق وظیفه گرا درگیری مدیریت ماتریس با اصل وفاداری به خط تمام مهم برتر، boss.You کاربردی نیست می توانید دو کارفرمایان هر بیشتر از شما می توانید دو fathers.Andrea، لوران، یک محقق فرانسوی، گفته است که در تجربه خود، مدیران فرانسه ترجیح می دهند که جان سازمان را ببینید از تحمل یک سیستم که در آن چند زیردستان به دو کارفرمایان.
در بحث روابط مردم با رئیس خود و همکاران خود و دوستان، ترومپنار بین جهانشمول و خاصگرا متمایز .این رسمی معتقدند که قوانین بسیار مهم است. دومی بر این باورند که روابط و دوستی های شخصی باید precedence.Consequently را، هر گروه فکر می کند که دیگر این است corrupt.Universalists می گویند که خاصگرا نمی توان اعتماد کرد، زیرا thay همیشه دوستان خود کمک خواهد کرد، در حالی که گروه دوم می گوید از اول شما می توانید به آنها اعتماد ندارد ؛ آنها حتی نمی خواهد دوستان کمک کند، با توجه به داده ترومپنار، بسیاری از خاصگرا در لاتین و کشورهای آسیایی از Autralia، ایالات متحده آمریکا، کانادا، و یا شمال و غرب اروپا وجود دارد ...
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فرهنگی 20%75%20%5e%20%20A%مدیریت درستی%20a 20a 20A%جهانی شرکت چندمليتي%20%20%20%خواهد بود بديهي است كه بايد بين 20%20%20%بسيار ساده تر است اگر 20%20%20%20%لازم است كه فقط يكي از 20%20%20%از تنظیم اهداف 20%20,گل,سیاست,محصولات،%20،%20.اما خدمات%20%20%اختلافات محلي اغلب%20a 20a 20A این سازد.%20%20%محال است.20%از كشمكش بين%20%20%20%و جهانى شدن بتوان گفت 20%20%20%است که منجر به 20%به 20%20%20 اختراع از%20%20%از كلمه ((20%E2%80%20%C Majesty Glocalization%20%E2%80%درماه دیج
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