. Mechanisms of probiotic actions in shrimp. Probiotics are known to conferbenefits through different mechanisms. These beneficial microorganisms are capableof producing inhibitory substances that could interact directly to bacterial and viralpathogens (Iyapparaj et al., 2013; Nhan et al., 2010; Vaseeharan and Ramasamy,2003). Probiotics are also capable of manipulating the pond ecosystem such as themicroflora (Boonthai et al., 2011) and the physico-chemical conditions (Zokaeifar et al.,2014). Dietary supplementation of probiotics enhances growth (Johansson et al.,2000) through enzyme contribution that increases digestibility (Leonel Ochoa-Solanoand Olmos-Soto, 2006). Probiotics are also capable of manipulating the hostmicrobiota (Makridis et al., 2005; Preetha et al., 2007). The protection frompathogens after probiotic treatment could be attributed to the direct inhibition ofpathogens or to the capability of probiotics in modulating the immune system ofshrimp (Chiu et al., 2007; Fu et al., 2011).
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