♦ chiến lược đổi mới♦ quá trình đổi mới và khả năng thành công giới thiệu công nghệ mới, chẳng hạn như công nghệ thông tin♦ quản lý hiệu quả của công việc phân tán đơn vị và ngày càng tăng lực lượng lao động đa dạng♦ Các quản lý nền văn hóa của các doanh nghiệp toàn cầu và/hoặc quan hệ đối tác đa quốc gia♦ xây dựng của meta - hoặc kết hợp-nền văn hóa mà kết hợp các khía cạnh của nền văn hóa từ những gì đã là các tổ chức khác biệt trước khi một mua lại hoặc sáp nhập♦ Các quản lý của lực lượng lao động đa dạng♦ tạo thuận lợi và hỗ trợ của làm việc theo nhóm.Ngoài một nhu cầu lớn hơn để thích ứng với những thay đổi bên ngoài và nội bộ, tổ chức văn hóa đã trở thành quan trọng bởi vì, cho một số lượng ngày càng tăng của các tập đoàn, sở hữu trí tuệ như trái ngược với vật liệu tài sản bây giờ chiếm nguồn chính của giá trị. Tối đa hóa giá trị của các nhân viên là tài sản sở hữu trí tuệ đòi hỏi một nền văn hóa khuyến khích họ tham gia sở hữu trí tuệvà tạo điều kiện cho cả hai cá nhân và tổ chức học tập, sáng tạo kiến thức mới và ứng dụng, và sẵn sàng để chia sẻ kiến thức với những người khác. Văn hóa hôm nay phải đóng một vai trò quan trọng trong việc thúc đẩy♦ kiến thức quản lý (xem chương 5)♦ sáng tạo (xem chương 15)♦ sự tham gia quản lý (xem chương 10)♦ lãnh đạo (xem chương 12).Ảnh hưởng của văn hóa tổ chứcThere has been a great deal of anecdotal evidence and some empirical evidence regarding the performance effects of organizational culture. Anecdotal evidence begins Peters and Waterman’s In Search of Excellence (1982). This book basically stimulated the now familiar business school case study approach. More recent anecdotal evidence regarding the most successful companies in the last several decades has also been proffered. According to Cameron and Quinn (1999), many of the most successful companies, including Southwest Airlines (21,775% return on investment [ROI]), Wal-Mart (19,807% ROI), Tyson Foods (18,118% ROI), Circuit City (16,410% ROI),and Plenum Publishing (15,689% ROI), score low on well-established critical success factors (i.e., entry barriers that prevent organizations from competing for the same market, nonsubstitutable products, low levels of bargaining power on the part of buyers due to customer dependence, low levels of bargaining power for suppliers because they have no alternative customers, a large market share that promotes economies of scale, and rivalry among the competition that deflects head-to-head competition with a potential dominator). These unlikely winners have strong leadership that promotes unique strategies and a strong culture to help them realize these strategies. There is also strong anecdotal support indicating that the primary cause of failure of most major change efforts (such as TQM and reengineering) has been the failure to successfully change the organizational culture (CSC Index 1994; Caldwell 1994; Goss et al.1993; Kotter and Heskett 1992).Kotter and Heskett (1992) have attempted to make this intriguing, but admittedly inconclusive, anecdotal evidence more systematic and empirical. They had financial analysts identify the firms they considered most successful and then describe the key factors discriminating these firms from those that were less successful. Seventy-four of the seventy-five analysts indicated that organizational culture was a key factor. In addition, Denison (1990) found empirical support for the participation/involvement view of culture – higher levels of employee participation were correlated with better organizational performance.In contrast to this supporting anecdotal and empirical evidence, it has become well known, and a point of great contention, that the exemplary companies identified by Peter and Waterman (1982) did not remain exemplary. The general explanation for this is that these companies failed to change with the times – perhaps the very strength of their culture and their past success prevented them from quickly and successfully adapting to new environmental requirements (Christensen1997). This paradox suggested the need for more longitudinal investigations of the effects of organizational culture. Growing evidence that excellent companies do not remain excellent for long also suggests that the traditional notion of a strong culture may need to be replaced with a more discerning understanding of the types and role of culture and the need to change culture over the life cycle of the organization. For example, perhaps a strong consistent culture is usefulin the beginning start-up phase of an organization but a mature organization may need to becomemore differentiated as well as more oriented to change and learning. What is important for long- term organizational success may not be a particular type of organizational culture per se but the ability to effectively manage and change the culture over time to adjust to changes in the situation and needs of the organization. This understanding has pointed to the need for a more dynamic understanding of culture and the role of organizational leaders in ensuring that the culture contributes both to the organization’s current and future success.Schein (1992) argues that leadership today is essentially the creation, the management, and at times the destruction and reconstruction of culture. In fact, he says, “the only thing of importance that leaders do is create and manage culture” and “the unique talent of leaders is their ability to understand and work within culture” (1992:5). Leaders must be able to assess how well the culture is performing and when and how it needs to be changed. Assessing and improving organizational culture as well as determining when major cultural transformations are necessaryis critical to long-term organizational success. Managing differentiated cultures and creating synergies across these cultures is also a critical leadership challenge. Effective culture management is also necessary to ensure that major strategic and organizational changes will succeed. Basically, culture management is a key leadership and management competency.We are all aware of successful leaders (Herb Kellerher of Southwest Airlines, Lee Iacocca of Chrysler, Alfred P. Sloan of G.E., General Robert E. Wood of Sears, Roebuck & Co.) who have succeeded in transforming the culture of the organization. In addition, a study of U.S. presidents found that charismatic presidents had better performance on a variety of dimensions, including economic and social performance (House, Spangler, and Woycke 1991).2 However, effective cultural management does not depend on great individual leaders and charisma. Charisma may be an advantage in times of crisis and change, but solid instrumental leadership can be as, or more, effective in more normal circumstances (Collins and Porras 1994:7-8). Critical instrumental mechanisms for changing and managing culture include♦ Strategic planning and the identification of necessarily cultural requisites (see Chapter 3. “Strategy”)
♦ Ensuring consistency of culture with mission, goals, strategies, structures and processes
♦ Creating formal statements of organizational philosophy and values
đang được dịch, vui lòng đợi..
