Financial Accounting Management Accounting Mandatory for most companies. Financial reporting is required by U.S. securities laws for public companies. Private companies with debt are often required by lenders to prepare audited financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Mostly optional. However, it is inconceivable that a large company could operate without sophisticated management accounting systems. Also, legislation such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 sets minimum standards for public companies for their internal reporting systems. Follows Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) in the U.S., and other uniform standards in other countries. No general principles. Companies often develop management accounting systems and measurement rules that are unique and company-specific. Backward-looking: focuses mostly on reporting past performance. Forward-looking: includes estimates and predictions of future events and transactions. Emphasis on reliability of the information Can include many subjective estimates.Provides general purpose information. Investors, stock analysts, and regulators use the same information (one size fits all). Provides many reports tailored to specific users.Provides a high-level summary of the business Can provide a great deal of detail.Reports almost exclusively in dollar-denominated amounts. A recent exception is the increasing (but still infrequent) use of the Triple Bottom Line. Communicates many nonfinancial measures of performance, particularly operational data such as units produced and sold by product typ
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