Flextensional transducers have been in use since the 1920s,
primarily in underwater and sonar applications [1]. A class V ‘cymbal’
flextensional transducer is a variation of the flextensional
‘moonie’ transducer design, and was developed in the early 1990s
[2]. It is composed of a piezoceramic disc sandwiched between
two cymbal-shaped metal end-caps, which are bonded directly to
the surface of the disc using a suitable adhesive agent. The endcaps
transform high impedance, low radial displacement of the
piezoceramic disc into low impedance, high axial displacement of
the end-caps. The two most critical features of the cymbal design,
which directly influence the transducer performance, are the cavity
dimensions and the thickness of the end-caps [3,4]. The geometry
of the end-caps greatly affects the frequency response of the cymbal
transducer and even small asymmetries in the epoxy layer or
in the end-caps themselves can result in each metal end-cap exciting
a different resonant frequency. Therefore, the vast majority of
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