Liability ManagementBefore the 1 9 60 s , liability management was a staid affair: For the most pan, banks took their liabilities as fixed and spent their time trying to achieve an optimal mix of assets . There were two main reasons for the emphasis on asset management. First, more than 60% of the sources of bank funds were obtained through checkable (demand) deposits that by law could not pay any interest. Thus banks could not actively compete with one another for these deposits by paying interest on them, and so their amount was effec tively a given for an individual bank. Second, because the markets for making overnight loans between banks were not well developed, banks rarely borrowed from other banks to meet their reserve needs.Starting in the 1 960 s , however, large banks (called money center banks) in key financial centers, such as New York, Chicago, and San Francisco , began to explore ways in which the liabilities on their sheets could provide them with reserves and liq uidity. This led to an expansion of overnight loan markets, such as the federal funds balancemarket, and the development of new financial instruments such as negotiable CDs (first developed in 1 9 6 1 ) , which enabled money center banks to acquire funds quickly 22Because small banks are not as well known as money center banks and so might be a higher credit risk, they find it harder to raise funds in the negotiable CD market . llmce they do not engage nearly as activdy in liability man agemcm
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