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In 1076, Vietnam's first university
In 1076, Vietnam's first university, the "Quốc Tử Giám" or Imperial Academy, was established within the temple to educate Vietnam's bureaucrats, nobles, royalty and other members of the elite. The university remained open from 1076 to 1779. In 1802, the Nguyen monarchs founded the Huế capital where they established a new imperial academy. The academy at the Hanoi temple lost its prominence and became a school of the Hoai Duc district.
Under the French protectorate, the Temple of the Literature was registered as Monument historique in 1906. Campaigns of restoration were pursued in 1920 and 1947 under the responsibility of École française d'Extrême-Orient (French School of the Far East) and again after the World War II.[3]
Layout[edit]
The main gate to the temple
The temple layout is similar to that of the temple at Qufu, Shandong, Confucius' birthplace. It covers an area of over 54000 square metres, including the Literature ("Van") lake, Giam park and the interior courtyards which are surrounded by a brick wall. In front of the Great Gate are four tall pillars. On either side of the pillars are two stelae commanding horsemen to dismount.
The gate opens onto three pathways which continue through the complex. The centre path was reserved for the monarch, the one to its left for the administrative Mandarins and the one to its right for military Mandarins. The interior of the site is divided into five courtyards. The first two courtyards are quiet areas with ancient trees and trimmed lawns, where scholars would relax away from the bustle of the outside world.
First[edit]
The first courtyard and the gate leading to the second
The first courtyard extends from the Great Portico to the Great Middle gate ("Dai Trung"), which is flanked by two smaller gates: the "Attained Talent" gate ("Dai Tai") and the "Accomplished Virtue" gate ( "Thanh Duc").
Second Courtyard[edit]
Second Courtyard and Constellation of Literature pavilion
The second courtyard contains the "Constellation of Literature pavilion" ("Khuê Văn Các", 奎文閣), a unique architectural work built in 1805 and a symbol of present day Hanoi. The "Constellation of literature pavilion" is built on four white-washed stone stilts. At the top is a red-coloured pavilion with two circular windows and an elaborate roof. Inside, a bronze bell hangs from the ceiling to be rung on auspicious occasions. Beside the "Constellation of Literature pavilion" are the "Crystallization of Letters" gate ("Suc Văn") and the "Magnificence of Letters" gate ("Bi Văn"). These two gates are dedicated to the beauty of the content and the form of literature.
Third Courtyard[edit]
Third Courtyard of the temple with the Well of Heavenly Clarity and the red Constellation of Literature pavilion
One enters the third courtyard from the "Constellation of Literature". In the third courtyard is the "Well of Heavenly Clarity" ("Thiên quang tỉnh"). On either side of the well stand two great halls which house the treasures of the temple.
Stelae of Doctors[edit]
Turtle Steles with the names of those successful at the royal exams
In 1484, the King Lê Thánh Tông erected 116 steles of carved blue stone turtles with elaborate motifs to honour talent and encourage study. The turtle ("quy") is one of the nation's four holy creatures. The others are the dragon ("long"), the unicorn ("ly") and the phoenix ("phuong"). The turtle is a symbol of longevity. The shape and size of the turtle changed with the passage of time.
The doctors' steles are a valuable historical resource for the study of culture, education and sculpture in Vietnam. 82 stelae remain. They depict the names and birth places of 1307 graduates of 82 triennial royal exams. Between 1442 and 1779, eighty-one exams were held by the Le dynasty and one was held by the Mac dynasty.[4] The ancient Chinese engravings on each stele praise the merits of the monarch and cite the reason for holding royal exams. They also record the mandarins who were tasked with organising the exams.
Fourth Courtyard[edit]
Fourth Courtyard
One enters the fourth courtyard through the "Gate of great synthesis" ("Dai Thanh"). On either side are two smaller gates: the gate of "Golden Sound" ("Kim Thanh") and the gate of "Jade Vibration" ("Ngoc Chan").
Altars to Confucius and his disciples
On each side of the ceremonial fourth courtyard stand two halls. Their original purpose was to house altars to the seventy-two most honoured disciples of Confucius and Chu Van An (a rector of the Imperial Academy). In the centre of the fourth courtyard is the "House of Ceremonies" ("Bai Duong"). The next building is the "Dai Thanh sanctuary", where Confucius and his four closest disciples Yanhui, Zengshen, Zisi and Mencius are worshipped. The sanctuary also hosts altars to ten honoured philosophers. A small museum displays ink wells, pens, books and personal artefacts belonging to some of the students that studied at the temple.
Fifth Courtyard[edit]
Fifth Courtyard, grounds of the imperial academy
Orchestra performing traditional music in honour of the royal founders and Confucius
In 1076, King Ly Nhan Tong ordered the construction of an imperial academy as a fifth courtyard. Literate mandarins were selected as students. In 1236, the academy was enlarged and named "Quoc Tu Vien" and later "Quoc Hoc Vien". In the Le dynasty it was called "Thai Hoc Vien" and was developed further. This development included the "Minh Luan" house, west and east classrooms, a storehouse for wooden printing blocks and two sets of three 25 room dormitories. The "Khai Thanh" shrine was built to honour the parents of Confucius. In 1946, the courtyard was destroyed by the French in 1946.[citation needed] In the year 2000, the fifth courtyard was reconstructed on grounds of the original "Imperial Academy". It honours the talents, the national traditions and the culture and education of Vietnam. The design of the new fifth courtyard were based on the traditional architecture in harmony with the surrounding sights of the temple. Several buildings were constructed including the front building, the rear building, the left and right buildings, a bell house and a drum house. The "Thai Hoc" courtyard occupies 1530 m2 of the temple's total area of 6150 m2. The front building has a number of functions. Ceremonies in memory of cultural scholars are organised from the front building as are scientific activities and cultural events. The rear building has two levels. The ground floor has a statue of Chu Van An (a rector of the academy) and shows exhibits of the temple and the academy with a display on Confucian education in Vietnam.
Altar to Chu Văn An, rector of the imperial academy
The upper floor is dedicated to the three monarchs who contributed most to the foundation of the temple and the academy: Lý Thánh Tông (1023–1072), who founded the temple in 1070, Lý Nhân Tông (1066–1127), who founded the Imperial Academy, and Lê Thánh Tông (1442–1497), who ordered the erection of the turtle stone stelae of doctor laureates in 1484. On either side of the rear building are square buildings which hold a drum and a bronze bell. The drum is 2.01 metres wide, 2.65 metres high, has a volume of 10 m3 and weighs 700 kilogram. The bell was cast in 2000. It has a height of 2.1 metres and it is 0.99 metres wide.
Study at the Imperial Academy[edit]
Uniforms of students of the imperial academy
The organization of instruction and learning at the Imperial Academy began in 1076 under the Ly dynasty and was further developed in the 15th century under the Le dynasty. The academy was headed by a rector ("Te tuu") and a vice-rector ("Tu nghiep"). The professors of the academy held different titles: "Giao thu", "Truc giang", "Tro giao" and "Bac si".
Most students ("giam sinh") had passed the regional exam ("huong") before enrolling at the academy. During the course of study at the academy, the students focused on discussion of literature and wrote poetry. as well. They read The Four Books ("The Great Study", "The Golden Means", "The Analects" and "Mencius"); Five Pre-Confucian Classics ("Book of Odes", "Book of Annals", "Book of Rites", "Book of Spring and Autumn" and "Book of Change"); ancient poetry and Chinese history among others.
The students enrolled for three to seven years. They had minor tests each month and four major tests per year. Success in the exams, certified by the "Ministry of Rites" qualified them to sit the national exam, the "Hoi". Success at the "Hoi" qualified the student to sit the royal exam, the "Dinh", held at court. At this exam, the monarch himself posed the questions, responded to the candidate's answer and then ranked those who passed into different grades. The Imperial Academy was the largest educational centre in the country.
Under the French protectorate, the Temple of the Literature was registered as Monument historique in 1906. Campaigns of restoration were pursued in 1920 and 1947 under the responsibility of École française d'Extrême-Orient (French School of the Far East) and again after the World War II.[3]
Layout[edit]
The main gate to the temple
The temple layout is similar to that of the temple at Qufu, Shandong, Confucius' birthplace. It covers an area of over 54000 square metres, including the Literature ("Van") lake, Giam park and the interior courtyards which are surrounded by a brick wall. In front of the Great Gate are four tall pillars. On either side of the pillars are two stelae commanding horsemen to dismount.
The gate opens onto three pathways which continue through the complex. The centre path was reserved for the monarch, the one to its left for the administrative Mandarins and the one to its right for military Mandarins. The interior of the site is divided into five courtyards. The first two courtyards are quiet areas with ancient trees and trimmed lawns, where scholars would relax away from the bustle of the outside world.
First[edit]
The first courtyard and the gate leading to the second
The first courtyard extends from the Great Portico to the Great Middle gate ("Dai Trung"), which is flanked by two smaller gates: the "Attained Talent" gate ("Dai Tai") and the "Accomplished Virtue" gate ( "Thanh Duc").
Second Courtyard[edit]
Second Courtyard and Constellation of Literature pavilion
The second courtyard contains the "Constellation of Literature pavilion" ("Khuê Văn Các", 奎文閣), a unique architectural work built in 1805 and a symbol of present day Hanoi. The "Constellation of literature pavilion" is built on four white-washed stone stilts. At the top is a red-coloured pavilion with two circular windows and an elaborate roof. Inside, a bronze bell hangs from the ceiling to be rung on auspicious occasions. Beside the "Constellation of Literature pavilion" are the "Crystallization of Letters" gate ("Suc Văn") and the "Magnificence of Letters" gate ("Bi Văn"). These two gates are dedicated to the beauty of the content and the form of literature.
Third Courtyard[edit]
Third Courtyard of the temple with the Well of Heavenly Clarity and the red Constellation of Literature pavilion
One enters the third courtyard from the "Constellation of Literature". In the third courtyard is the "Well of Heavenly Clarity" ("Thiên quang tỉnh"). On either side of the well stand two great halls which house the treasures of the temple.
Stelae of Doctors[edit]
Turtle Steles with the names of those successful at the royal exams
In 1484, the King Lê Thánh Tông erected 116 steles of carved blue stone turtles with elaborate motifs to honour talent and encourage study. The turtle ("quy") is one of the nation's four holy creatures. The others are the dragon ("long"), the unicorn ("ly") and the phoenix ("phuong"). The turtle is a symbol of longevity. The shape and size of the turtle changed with the passage of time.
The doctors' steles are a valuable historical resource for the study of culture, education and sculpture in Vietnam. 82 stelae remain. They depict the names and birth places of 1307 graduates of 82 triennial royal exams. Between 1442 and 1779, eighty-one exams were held by the Le dynasty and one was held by the Mac dynasty.[4] The ancient Chinese engravings on each stele praise the merits of the monarch and cite the reason for holding royal exams. They also record the mandarins who were tasked with organising the exams.
Fourth Courtyard[edit]
Fourth Courtyard
One enters the fourth courtyard through the "Gate of great synthesis" ("Dai Thanh"). On either side are two smaller gates: the gate of "Golden Sound" ("Kim Thanh") and the gate of "Jade Vibration" ("Ngoc Chan").
Altars to Confucius and his disciples
On each side of the ceremonial fourth courtyard stand two halls. Their original purpose was to house altars to the seventy-two most honoured disciples of Confucius and Chu Van An (a rector of the Imperial Academy). In the centre of the fourth courtyard is the "House of Ceremonies" ("Bai Duong"). The next building is the "Dai Thanh sanctuary", where Confucius and his four closest disciples Yanhui, Zengshen, Zisi and Mencius are worshipped. The sanctuary also hosts altars to ten honoured philosophers. A small museum displays ink wells, pens, books and personal artefacts belonging to some of the students that studied at the temple.
Fifth Courtyard[edit]
Fifth Courtyard, grounds of the imperial academy
Orchestra performing traditional music in honour of the royal founders and Confucius
In 1076, King Ly Nhan Tong ordered the construction of an imperial academy as a fifth courtyard. Literate mandarins were selected as students. In 1236, the academy was enlarged and named "Quoc Tu Vien" and later "Quoc Hoc Vien". In the Le dynasty it was called "Thai Hoc Vien" and was developed further. This development included the "Minh Luan" house, west and east classrooms, a storehouse for wooden printing blocks and two sets of three 25 room dormitories. The "Khai Thanh" shrine was built to honour the parents of Confucius. In 1946, the courtyard was destroyed by the French in 1946.[citation needed] In the year 2000, the fifth courtyard was reconstructed on grounds of the original "Imperial Academy". It honours the talents, the national traditions and the culture and education of Vietnam. The design of the new fifth courtyard were based on the traditional architecture in harmony with the surrounding sights of the temple. Several buildings were constructed including the front building, the rear building, the left and right buildings, a bell house and a drum house. The "Thai Hoc" courtyard occupies 1530 m2 of the temple's total area of 6150 m2. The front building has a number of functions. Ceremonies in memory of cultural scholars are organised from the front building as are scientific activities and cultural events. The rear building has two levels. The ground floor has a statue of Chu Van An (a rector of the academy) and shows exhibits of the temple and the academy with a display on Confucian education in Vietnam.
Altar to Chu Văn An, rector of the imperial academy
The upper floor is dedicated to the three monarchs who contributed most to the foundation of the temple and the academy: Lý Thánh Tông (1023–1072), who founded the temple in 1070, Lý Nhân Tông (1066–1127), who founded the Imperial Academy, and Lê Thánh Tông (1442–1497), who ordered the erection of the turtle stone stelae of doctor laureates in 1484. On either side of the rear building are square buildings which hold a drum and a bronze bell. The drum is 2.01 metres wide, 2.65 metres high, has a volume of 10 m3 and weighs 700 kilogram. The bell was cast in 2000. It has a height of 2.1 metres and it is 0.99 metres wide.
Study at the Imperial Academy[edit]
Uniforms of students of the imperial academy
The organization of instruction and learning at the Imperial Academy began in 1076 under the Ly dynasty and was further developed in the 15th century under the Le dynasty. The academy was headed by a rector ("Te tuu") and a vice-rector ("Tu nghiep"). The professors of the academy held different titles: "Giao thu", "Truc giang", "Tro giao" and "Bac si".
Most students ("giam sinh") had passed the regional exam ("huong") before enrolling at the academy. During the course of study at the academy, the students focused on discussion of literature and wrote poetry. as well. They read The Four Books ("The Great Study", "The Golden Means", "The Analects" and "Mencius"); Five Pre-Confucian Classics ("Book of Odes", "Book of Annals", "Book of Rites", "Book of Spring and Autumn" and "Book of Change"); ancient poetry and Chinese history among others.
The students enrolled for three to seven years. They had minor tests each month and four major tests per year. Success in the exams, certified by the "Ministry of Rites" qualified them to sit the national exam, the "Hoi". Success at the "Hoi" qualified the student to sit the royal exam, the "Dinh", held at court. At this exam, the monarch himself posed the questions, responded to the candidate's answer and then ranked those who passed into different grades. The Imperial Academy was the largest educational centre in the country.
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Năm 1076, đại học đầu tiên của Việt Nam, "Quốc nên phẫn" hoặc đế quốc, được thành lập trong đền để giáo dục Việt Nam quan chức, quý tộc, tiền bản quyền và các thành viên khác của các tầng lớp. Các trường đại học vẫn mở cửa từ 1076 đến 1779. Năm 1802, vua Nguyễn thành lập thủ đô Huế nơi họ thành lập một học viện Hoàng gia mới. Học viện ở Miếu mất nó và trở thành một trường học huyện Hoài Đức.Dưới sự bảo hộ Pháp, đền thờ của các tài liệu đã được đăng ký như là đài tưởng niệm hạng vào năm 1906. Các chiến dịch của phục hồi được theo đuổi trong 1920 và 1947 thuộc trách nhiệm của École française d'Extrême phương đông (tiếng Pháp trường viễn đông) và một lần nữa sau khi thế chiến II.[3]Bố trí [sửa]Cổng chính vào đềnBố trí temple là tương tự như của ngôi đền ở Qufu, Sơn Đông, nơi sinh của khổng tử. Nó bao gồm diện tích hơn 54000 mét vuông, bao gồm cả hồ văn học ("Van"), giám park và sân trong nội thất được bao quanh bởi một bức tường gạch. Ở phía trước của các cửa khẩu tuyệt vời là bốn trụ cột cao. Ở hai bên của các trụ cột là hai stelae chỉ huy kị binh để tháo dỡ.Cửa mở ra con đường ba đó tiếp tục thông qua khu phức hợp. Đường trung tâm được dành riêng cho các vị vua, một của nó bên trái cho các quan lại hành chính và một để quyền của mình cho quân đội quan lại. Các nội thất của các trang web được chia thành năm sân trong. Sân trong lần đầu tiên hai là khu vực yên tĩnh với cổ cây và bãi cỏ tỉa, nơi các học giả sẽ thư giãn cách xa nhộn nhịp của thế giới bên ngoài.Đầu tiên [sửa]Sân đầu tiên và cổng dẫn đến thứ haiSân đầu tiên kéo dài từ Portico tuyệt vời đến cổng tuyệt vời giữa ("Dai Trung"), hai bên bởi hai nhỏ cửa: cửa "Đạt được tài năng" ("Dai Tai") và cửa "Thực hiện Đức hạnh" ("Thanh Đức").Thứ hai Courtyard [sửa]Gian hàng thứ hai sân và chòm sao văn họcSân thứ hai chứa "Chòm sao văn học pavilion" ("Khuê Văn Các", 奎文閣), một công trình kiến trúc độc đáo được xây dựng vào năm 1805 và một biểu tượng của trình bày ngày Hanoi. "Chòm sao văn học pavilion" được xây dựng trên bốn sàn đá trắng rửa. Ở trên cùng là một gian hàng màu đỏ với hai cửa sổ tròn và một mái nhà xây dựng. Bên trong, một cái chuông đồng treo từ trần nhà để được rung lên lần tốt đẹp. Bên cạnh "Chòm sao văn học pavilion" là cửa "Kết tinh của chữ cái" ("giới Văn") và cửa "Lộng lây của chữ cái" ("Bi Văn"). Những hai cổng được dành riêng cho vẻ đẹp của nội dung và hình thức văn học.Thứ ba Courtyard [sửa]Thứ ba sân của ngôi đền với các tốt của Thiên Chúa rõ ràng và chòm sao đỏ văn gian hàngMột bước vào sân thứ ba từ "Chòm sao văn". Thứ ba sân là "Tốt của Thiên Chúa rõ ràng" ("Thiên quang tỉnh"). Hai bên cũng đứng hai hội trường lớn mà nhà kho báu ngôi đền.Stelae của bác sĩ [sửa]Rùa bia với tên của những thành công tại các kỳ thi Hoàng gia1484, vua Lê Thánh Tông dựng lên 116 bia khắc rùa đá màu xanh với các họa tiết xây dựng để vinh danh tài năng và khuyến khích nghiên cứu. Rùa ("quý") là một trong những sinh vật thần thánh bốn của quốc gia. Những người khác là con rồng ("dài"), kỳ lân ("lý") và hội Phượng hoàng ("phương"). Những con rùa là một biểu tượng của tuổi thọ. Hình dạng và kích thước của những con rùa thay đổi với việc thông qua time.Các bác sĩ bia là một nguồn lực có giá trị lịch sử cho nghiên cứu về văn hóa, giáo dục và tác phẩm điêu khắc tại Việt Nam. 82 stelae vẫn còn. Họ thể hiện tên và những nơi sinh của sinh viên tốt nghiệp 1307 82 kỳ thi triennial Hoàng gia. Giữa 1442 và 1779, tám mươi-một trong những kỳ thi được tổ chức bởi nhà Le và một đã được tổ chức bởi nhà Mac.[4] Các chạm khắc Trung Quốc cổ đại trên bia đá mỗi ca ngợi khen của các vị vua và trích dẫn lý do để giữ Hoàng gia kỳ thi. Họ cũng ghi lại các quan lại những người được giao nhiệm vụ với tổ chức các kỳ thi.Thứ tư Courtyard [sửa]Courtyard thứ tưMột bước vào sân thứ tư thông qua các cửa khẩu"tổng hợp tuyệt vời" ("Dai Thanh"). Hai bên là hai nhỏ hơn cổng: Cổng của "Golden âm thanh" ("Kim thành") và các cửa khẩu của "Jade Vibration" ("Ngoc Chan").Bàn thờ khổng tử và đệ tử của mìnhMỗi bên thứ tư sân nghi lễ đứng hai trường. Mục đích ban đầu của họ là để nhà bàn thờ cho các môn đệ nhất vinh dự bảy mươi hai của khổng tử và Chu Văn một (một hiệu trưởng của học viện Hoàng gia). Ở trung tâm thứ tư courtyard là các "nhà của buổi lễ" ("Bai dương"). Việc xây dựng tiếp theo là "Đại Thanh sanctuary", nơi khổng tử và bốn môn đồ gần nhất của ông Yanhui, Zengshen, Zisi và mạnh tử được thờ cúng. Các khu bảo tồn cũng tổ chức các bàn thờ để nhà triết học mười vinh dự. Một bảo tàng nhỏ Hiển thị mực giếng, bút, sách và các đồ tạo tác cá nhân thuộc về một số các sinh viên học tại ngôi đền.Thứ năm Courtyard [sửa]Thứ năm Courtyard, căn cứ của học viện Hoàng giaDàn nhạc biểu diễn âm nhạc truyền thống trong danh dự của người sáng lập Hoàng gia và khổng tửỞ 1076, King Ly nhân tông ra lệnh xây một học viện Hoàng gia như một sân thứ năm. Quan lại biết chữ đã được chọn là sinh viên. Năm 1236, học viện đã được mở rộng và đặt tên là "Quốc Tu viện" và sau đó "Quốc Hoc Vien". Vào thời nhà Le nó được gọi là "Thái Hoc Vien" và đã được phát triển hơn nữa. Sự phát triển này bao gồm "Minh Luan" nhà, Tây và đông phòng học, một nhà kho tàng trữ cho in ấn khối gỗ và hai bộ ba 25 phòng ký túc xá. Đền thờ "Khai thành" được xây dựng để tôn vinh cha mẹ của khổng tử. Năm 1946, Sân trong đã bị phá hủy bởi người Pháp vào năm 1946.[cần dẫn nguồn] Năm 2000, Sân thứ năm được xây dựng lại đến Ban đầu "học viện Hoàng gia". Nó vinh danh những tài năng, các truyền thống quốc gia và văn hóa và giáo dục Việt Nam. Thiết kế sân thứ năm mới dựa trên kiến trúc truyền thống trong sự hòa hợp với các điểm tham quan xung quanh của ngôi đền. Nhiều tòa nhà được xây dựng trong đó có tòa nhà trước, tòa nhà phía sau, trái và phải tòa nhà, một ngôi nhà bell và một căn nhà trống. Courtyard "Thái học" chiếm 1530 m2 của ngôi đền tổng diện tích là 6150 m2. Tòa nhà tân có một số chức năng. Các nghi lễ trong bộ nhớ của văn hóa học giả được tổ chức từ phía trước xây dựng như là hoạt động khoa học và sự kiện văn hóa. Tòa nhà phía sau có hai cấp độ. Tầng trệt có một bức tượng của Chu Văn một (một hiệu trưởng của học viện) và cho thấy cuộc triển lãm của ngôi đền và học viện với một màn hình về nho giáo dục tại Việt Nam.Bàn thờ để Chu Văn An, hiệu trưởng của học viện Hoàng giaTầng trên dành riêng cho vua ba người đóng góp nhất cho nền tảng của ngôi đền và học viện: Lý Thánh Tông (1023-1072), người sáng lập đền thờ ở 1070, Lý Nhân Tông (1066-1127), người sáng lập Đế quốc, và Lê Thánh Tông (1442 – 1497), người đã ra lệnh cương cứng của những con rùa đá stelae bác sĩ người đoạt giải 1484. Ở hai bên của tòa nhà phía sau là tòa nhà hình vuông mà giữ một trống và một cái chuông đồng. Trống là 2.01 mét rộng, 2.65 m cao, có một khối lượng 10 m3 và nặng 700 kg. Chuông được đúc vào năm 2000. Nó có một chiều cao 2.1 mét và nó là 0.99 mét rộng.Học tập tại học viện Hoàng gia [sửa]Đồng phục của sinh viên của học viện Hoàng giaTổ chức giảng dạy và học tập tại học viện Hoàng gia bắt đầu năm 1076 dưới triều đại lý và tiếp tục được phát triển trong thế kỷ 15 dưới thời nhà Le. Học viện này đứng đầu bởi một hiệu trưởng ("Te tuu") và một phó rector ("Tu nghiệp"). Các giáo sư của học viện tổ chức tiêu đề khác nhau: "Giao thu", "Truc giang", "Tro giao" và "Bac si".Hầu hết học sinh ("giám sinh") đã thông qua các kỳ thi khu vực ("hương") trước khi ghi danh học tại học viện. Trong quá trình học tập tại học viện, các sinh viên tập trung vào cuộc thảo luận về văn học và đã viết thơ. là tốt. Họ đọc The bốn sách ("The học tập tuyệt vời", "The Golden có nghĩa là", "The luận" và "Mạnh tử"); Năm trước theo kinh điển ("Cuốn sách của soạn", "Cuốn sách của biên niên sử", "Cuốn sách của nghi thức", "Cuốn sách của mùa xuân và mùa thu" và "Cuốn sách của sự thay đổi"); thơ cổ và lịch sử Trung Quốc trong số những người khác.Các sinh viên ghi danh cho ba đến bảy năm. Họ đã có bài kiểm tra nhỏ mỗi tháng và bốn bài kiểm tra lớn mỗi năm. Thành công trong kỳ thi, RIAA chứng nhận "Bộ Rites" đủ điều kiện họ ngồi kỳ thi quốc gia, "Hội". Thành công tại "Hội" đủ điều kiện học sinh ngồi thi Hoàng gia, "Định", được tổ chức tại tòa án. Tại kỳ thi này, vị vua tự đặt ra những câu hỏi, phản ứng với câu trả lời của ứng cử viên và sau đó được xếp hạng những người thông qua thành các lớp khác nhau. Đế quốc đã là trung tâm giáo dục lớn nhất trong cả nước.
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In 1076, Vietnam's first university, the "Quốc Tử Giám" or Imperial Academy, was established within the temple to educate Vietnam's bureaucrats, nobles, royalty and other members of the elite. The university remained open from 1076 to 1779. In 1802, the Nguyen monarchs founded the Huế capital where they established a new imperial academy. The academy at the Hanoi temple lost its prominence and became a school of the Hoai Duc district.
Under the French protectorate, the Temple of the Literature was registered as Monument historique in 1906. Campaigns of restoration were pursued in 1920 and 1947 under the responsibility of École française d'Extrême-Orient (French School of the Far East) and again after the World War II.[3]
Layout[edit]
The main gate to the temple
The temple layout is similar to that of the temple at Qufu, Shandong, Confucius' birthplace. It covers an area of over 54000 square metres, including the Literature ("Van") lake, Giam park and the interior courtyards which are surrounded by a brick wall. In front of the Great Gate are four tall pillars. On either side of the pillars are two stelae commanding horsemen to dismount.
The gate opens onto three pathways which continue through the complex. The centre path was reserved for the monarch, the one to its left for the administrative Mandarins and the one to its right for military Mandarins. The interior of the site is divided into five courtyards. The first two courtyards are quiet areas with ancient trees and trimmed lawns, where scholars would relax away from the bustle of the outside world.
First[edit]
The first courtyard and the gate leading to the second
The first courtyard extends from the Great Portico to the Great Middle gate ("Dai Trung"), which is flanked by two smaller gates: the "Attained Talent" gate ("Dai Tai") and the "Accomplished Virtue" gate ( "Thanh Duc").
Second Courtyard[edit]
Second Courtyard and Constellation of Literature pavilion
The second courtyard contains the "Constellation of Literature pavilion" ("Khuê Văn Các", 奎文閣), a unique architectural work built in 1805 and a symbol of present day Hanoi. The "Constellation of literature pavilion" is built on four white-washed stone stilts. At the top is a red-coloured pavilion with two circular windows and an elaborate roof. Inside, a bronze bell hangs from the ceiling to be rung on auspicious occasions. Beside the "Constellation of Literature pavilion" are the "Crystallization of Letters" gate ("Suc Văn") and the "Magnificence of Letters" gate ("Bi Văn"). These two gates are dedicated to the beauty of the content and the form of literature.
Third Courtyard[edit]
Third Courtyard of the temple with the Well of Heavenly Clarity and the red Constellation of Literature pavilion
One enters the third courtyard from the "Constellation of Literature". In the third courtyard is the "Well of Heavenly Clarity" ("Thiên quang tỉnh"). On either side of the well stand two great halls which house the treasures of the temple.
Stelae of Doctors[edit]
Turtle Steles with the names of those successful at the royal exams
In 1484, the King Lê Thánh Tông erected 116 steles of carved blue stone turtles with elaborate motifs to honour talent and encourage study. The turtle ("quy") is one of the nation's four holy creatures. The others are the dragon ("long"), the unicorn ("ly") and the phoenix ("phuong"). The turtle is a symbol of longevity. The shape and size of the turtle changed with the passage of time.
The doctors' steles are a valuable historical resource for the study of culture, education and sculpture in Vietnam. 82 stelae remain. They depict the names and birth places of 1307 graduates of 82 triennial royal exams. Between 1442 and 1779, eighty-one exams were held by the Le dynasty and one was held by the Mac dynasty.[4] The ancient Chinese engravings on each stele praise the merits of the monarch and cite the reason for holding royal exams. They also record the mandarins who were tasked with organising the exams.
Fourth Courtyard[edit]
Fourth Courtyard
One enters the fourth courtyard through the "Gate of great synthesis" ("Dai Thanh"). On either side are two smaller gates: the gate of "Golden Sound" ("Kim Thanh") and the gate of "Jade Vibration" ("Ngoc Chan").
Altars to Confucius and his disciples
On each side of the ceremonial fourth courtyard stand two halls. Their original purpose was to house altars to the seventy-two most honoured disciples of Confucius and Chu Van An (a rector of the Imperial Academy). In the centre of the fourth courtyard is the "House of Ceremonies" ("Bai Duong"). The next building is the "Dai Thanh sanctuary", where Confucius and his four closest disciples Yanhui, Zengshen, Zisi and Mencius are worshipped. The sanctuary also hosts altars to ten honoured philosophers. A small museum displays ink wells, pens, books and personal artefacts belonging to some of the students that studied at the temple.
Fifth Courtyard[edit]
Fifth Courtyard, grounds of the imperial academy
Orchestra performing traditional music in honour of the royal founders and Confucius
In 1076, King Ly Nhan Tong ordered the construction of an imperial academy as a fifth courtyard. Literate mandarins were selected as students. In 1236, the academy was enlarged and named "Quoc Tu Vien" and later "Quoc Hoc Vien". In the Le dynasty it was called "Thai Hoc Vien" and was developed further. This development included the "Minh Luan" house, west and east classrooms, a storehouse for wooden printing blocks and two sets of three 25 room dormitories. The "Khai Thanh" shrine was built to honour the parents of Confucius. In 1946, the courtyard was destroyed by the French in 1946.[citation needed] In the year 2000, the fifth courtyard was reconstructed on grounds of the original "Imperial Academy". It honours the talents, the national traditions and the culture and education of Vietnam. The design of the new fifth courtyard were based on the traditional architecture in harmony with the surrounding sights of the temple. Several buildings were constructed including the front building, the rear building, the left and right buildings, a bell house and a drum house. The "Thai Hoc" courtyard occupies 1530 m2 of the temple's total area of 6150 m2. The front building has a number of functions. Ceremonies in memory of cultural scholars are organised from the front building as are scientific activities and cultural events. The rear building has two levels. The ground floor has a statue of Chu Van An (a rector of the academy) and shows exhibits of the temple and the academy with a display on Confucian education in Vietnam.
Altar to Chu Văn An, rector of the imperial academy
The upper floor is dedicated to the three monarchs who contributed most to the foundation of the temple and the academy: Lý Thánh Tông (1023–1072), who founded the temple in 1070, Lý Nhân Tông (1066–1127), who founded the Imperial Academy, and Lê Thánh Tông (1442–1497), who ordered the erection of the turtle stone stelae of doctor laureates in 1484. On either side of the rear building are square buildings which hold a drum and a bronze bell. The drum is 2.01 metres wide, 2.65 metres high, has a volume of 10 m3 and weighs 700 kilogram. The bell was cast in 2000. It has a height of 2.1 metres and it is 0.99 metres wide.
Study at the Imperial Academy[edit]
Uniforms of students of the imperial academy
The organization of instruction and learning at the Imperial Academy began in 1076 under the Ly dynasty and was further developed in the 15th century under the Le dynasty. The academy was headed by a rector ("Te tuu") and a vice-rector ("Tu nghiep"). The professors of the academy held different titles: "Giao thu", "Truc giang", "Tro giao" and "Bac si".
Most students ("giam sinh") had passed the regional exam ("huong") before enrolling at the academy. During the course of study at the academy, the students focused on discussion of literature and wrote poetry. as well. They read The Four Books ("The Great Study", "The Golden Means", "The Analects" and "Mencius"); Five Pre-Confucian Classics ("Book of Odes", "Book of Annals", "Book of Rites", "Book of Spring and Autumn" and "Book of Change"); ancient poetry and Chinese history among others.
The students enrolled for three to seven years. They had minor tests each month and four major tests per year. Success in the exams, certified by the "Ministry of Rites" qualified them to sit the national exam, the "Hoi". Success at the "Hoi" qualified the student to sit the royal exam, the "Dinh", held at court. At this exam, the monarch himself posed the questions, responded to the candidate's answer and then ranked those who passed into different grades. The Imperial Academy was the largest educational centre in the country.
Under the French protectorate, the Temple of the Literature was registered as Monument historique in 1906. Campaigns of restoration were pursued in 1920 and 1947 under the responsibility of École française d'Extrême-Orient (French School of the Far East) and again after the World War II.[3]
Layout[edit]
The main gate to the temple
The temple layout is similar to that of the temple at Qufu, Shandong, Confucius' birthplace. It covers an area of over 54000 square metres, including the Literature ("Van") lake, Giam park and the interior courtyards which are surrounded by a brick wall. In front of the Great Gate are four tall pillars. On either side of the pillars are two stelae commanding horsemen to dismount.
The gate opens onto three pathways which continue through the complex. The centre path was reserved for the monarch, the one to its left for the administrative Mandarins and the one to its right for military Mandarins. The interior of the site is divided into five courtyards. The first two courtyards are quiet areas with ancient trees and trimmed lawns, where scholars would relax away from the bustle of the outside world.
First[edit]
The first courtyard and the gate leading to the second
The first courtyard extends from the Great Portico to the Great Middle gate ("Dai Trung"), which is flanked by two smaller gates: the "Attained Talent" gate ("Dai Tai") and the "Accomplished Virtue" gate ( "Thanh Duc").
Second Courtyard[edit]
Second Courtyard and Constellation of Literature pavilion
The second courtyard contains the "Constellation of Literature pavilion" ("Khuê Văn Các", 奎文閣), a unique architectural work built in 1805 and a symbol of present day Hanoi. The "Constellation of literature pavilion" is built on four white-washed stone stilts. At the top is a red-coloured pavilion with two circular windows and an elaborate roof. Inside, a bronze bell hangs from the ceiling to be rung on auspicious occasions. Beside the "Constellation of Literature pavilion" are the "Crystallization of Letters" gate ("Suc Văn") and the "Magnificence of Letters" gate ("Bi Văn"). These two gates are dedicated to the beauty of the content and the form of literature.
Third Courtyard[edit]
Third Courtyard of the temple with the Well of Heavenly Clarity and the red Constellation of Literature pavilion
One enters the third courtyard from the "Constellation of Literature". In the third courtyard is the "Well of Heavenly Clarity" ("Thiên quang tỉnh"). On either side of the well stand two great halls which house the treasures of the temple.
Stelae of Doctors[edit]
Turtle Steles with the names of those successful at the royal exams
In 1484, the King Lê Thánh Tông erected 116 steles of carved blue stone turtles with elaborate motifs to honour talent and encourage study. The turtle ("quy") is one of the nation's four holy creatures. The others are the dragon ("long"), the unicorn ("ly") and the phoenix ("phuong"). The turtle is a symbol of longevity. The shape and size of the turtle changed with the passage of time.
The doctors' steles are a valuable historical resource for the study of culture, education and sculpture in Vietnam. 82 stelae remain. They depict the names and birth places of 1307 graduates of 82 triennial royal exams. Between 1442 and 1779, eighty-one exams were held by the Le dynasty and one was held by the Mac dynasty.[4] The ancient Chinese engravings on each stele praise the merits of the monarch and cite the reason for holding royal exams. They also record the mandarins who were tasked with organising the exams.
Fourth Courtyard[edit]
Fourth Courtyard
One enters the fourth courtyard through the "Gate of great synthesis" ("Dai Thanh"). On either side are two smaller gates: the gate of "Golden Sound" ("Kim Thanh") and the gate of "Jade Vibration" ("Ngoc Chan").
Altars to Confucius and his disciples
On each side of the ceremonial fourth courtyard stand two halls. Their original purpose was to house altars to the seventy-two most honoured disciples of Confucius and Chu Van An (a rector of the Imperial Academy). In the centre of the fourth courtyard is the "House of Ceremonies" ("Bai Duong"). The next building is the "Dai Thanh sanctuary", where Confucius and his four closest disciples Yanhui, Zengshen, Zisi and Mencius are worshipped. The sanctuary also hosts altars to ten honoured philosophers. A small museum displays ink wells, pens, books and personal artefacts belonging to some of the students that studied at the temple.
Fifth Courtyard[edit]
Fifth Courtyard, grounds of the imperial academy
Orchestra performing traditional music in honour of the royal founders and Confucius
In 1076, King Ly Nhan Tong ordered the construction of an imperial academy as a fifth courtyard. Literate mandarins were selected as students. In 1236, the academy was enlarged and named "Quoc Tu Vien" and later "Quoc Hoc Vien". In the Le dynasty it was called "Thai Hoc Vien" and was developed further. This development included the "Minh Luan" house, west and east classrooms, a storehouse for wooden printing blocks and two sets of three 25 room dormitories. The "Khai Thanh" shrine was built to honour the parents of Confucius. In 1946, the courtyard was destroyed by the French in 1946.[citation needed] In the year 2000, the fifth courtyard was reconstructed on grounds of the original "Imperial Academy". It honours the talents, the national traditions and the culture and education of Vietnam. The design of the new fifth courtyard were based on the traditional architecture in harmony with the surrounding sights of the temple. Several buildings were constructed including the front building, the rear building, the left and right buildings, a bell house and a drum house. The "Thai Hoc" courtyard occupies 1530 m2 of the temple's total area of 6150 m2. The front building has a number of functions. Ceremonies in memory of cultural scholars are organised from the front building as are scientific activities and cultural events. The rear building has two levels. The ground floor has a statue of Chu Van An (a rector of the academy) and shows exhibits of the temple and the academy with a display on Confucian education in Vietnam.
Altar to Chu Văn An, rector of the imperial academy
The upper floor is dedicated to the three monarchs who contributed most to the foundation of the temple and the academy: Lý Thánh Tông (1023–1072), who founded the temple in 1070, Lý Nhân Tông (1066–1127), who founded the Imperial Academy, and Lê Thánh Tông (1442–1497), who ordered the erection of the turtle stone stelae of doctor laureates in 1484. On either side of the rear building are square buildings which hold a drum and a bronze bell. The drum is 2.01 metres wide, 2.65 metres high, has a volume of 10 m3 and weighs 700 kilogram. The bell was cast in 2000. It has a height of 2.1 metres and it is 0.99 metres wide.
Study at the Imperial Academy[edit]
Uniforms of students of the imperial academy
The organization of instruction and learning at the Imperial Academy began in 1076 under the Ly dynasty and was further developed in the 15th century under the Le dynasty. The academy was headed by a rector ("Te tuu") and a vice-rector ("Tu nghiep"). The professors of the academy held different titles: "Giao thu", "Truc giang", "Tro giao" and "Bac si".
Most students ("giam sinh") had passed the regional exam ("huong") before enrolling at the academy. During the course of study at the academy, the students focused on discussion of literature and wrote poetry. as well. They read The Four Books ("The Great Study", "The Golden Means", "The Analects" and "Mencius"); Five Pre-Confucian Classics ("Book of Odes", "Book of Annals", "Book of Rites", "Book of Spring and Autumn" and "Book of Change"); ancient poetry and Chinese history among others.
The students enrolled for three to seven years. They had minor tests each month and four major tests per year. Success in the exams, certified by the "Ministry of Rites" qualified them to sit the national exam, the "Hoi". Success at the "Hoi" qualified the student to sit the royal exam, the "Dinh", held at court. At this exam, the monarch himself posed the questions, responded to the candidate's answer and then ranked those who passed into different grades. The Imperial Academy was the largest educational centre in the country.
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