While the operation of labour exporters without a license is clearly illegal, there are also more ambiguous cases, in particular the ones involving shady activities undertaken by brokers. In poor rural areas, there are many individuals operating as labour export agents or brokers who visit households and spread information on labour export opportunities. They claim that labour export enterprises have assigned quotas to them. Desperately in need of chances to improve their livelihood, the rural labourers mortgage their land and properties and borrow money from the bank or private lenders in order to pay a large sum of money to these brokers in the hope of securing a place (US$5,000‐6,000 per person). Indeed, it would be almost impossible for the workers to get an overseas job without their intermediary and involvement. However, many workers have to wait for a year or longer without any knowledge of when they are finally dispatched abroad. In the meantime, the interest on their debts has already been
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