- Văn bản
- Lịch sử
List of Figures xiiList of Tables x
List of Figures xii
List of Tables xix
1 Introduction 2
1.1 With Wind, Life Gets Better . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Just a Tower? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Small Wind Turbine (SWT) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Cal Poly’s Small Wind Turbine Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.1 Cal Poly’s Small Wind Turbine (SWT) System Overview . . . 7
1.4.2 Project Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 Scope of This Thesis Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 Design of Wind Turbine Tower 13
2.1 Type of Wind Turbine Towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
vi
2.1.1 Free-standing or Guy-wired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.2 Lattice Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.3 Tubular Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.4 Hybrid Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.5 Tower Design Trend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2 Materials for Wind Turbine Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3 Height of Wind Turbine Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 Cal Poly’s Small Wind Turbine (SWT) Tower 19
3.1 Wind Turbine Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1.1 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1.2 Soil and Wind Characteristics of Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2 Design Features of Cal Poly’s Wind Turbine Tower . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3 Installation Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4 Wind Turbine Design Load 28
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2 DNV/RISO and IEC Guidelines for Load Determination . . . . . . . 30
4.2.1 Load Cases and Load Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.2.2 Methods for Determining Design Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
vii
4.2.3 Using Aeroelastic Method for Load Calculation . . . . . . . . 33
4.2.4 Using Simplified Load Equations for Load Calculation . . . . . 35
4.2.5 Determining Loads From Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3 Wind Loads Given by Cal Poly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3.1 Cal Poly’s Load Case for Tower Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3.2 Calculation of Maximum Thrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.4 Comparison and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5 Wind Turbine Tower Modeling for Finite Element Analysis 48
5.1 Finite Element Analyses Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.2 Finite Element Model of Wind Turbine Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.3 Modeling Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.4 Modeling Space and Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.5 Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.5.1 Beam Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.5.2 Using Beam Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.5.3 Shell Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.5.4 Using Shell Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.5.5 Using Mass and Rotary Inertia Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
viii
5.6 Joining the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.6.1 Multi Point Constraint (MPC) - Tie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.6.2 Multi Point Constraint (MPC) - Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.6.3 Multi Point Constraint (MPC) - Hinge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.7 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.8 Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6 Static Analyses of Wind Turbine Tower 68
6.1 Load Case: Installation (Tilt-up) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.1.2 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.1.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.2 Load Case: Maximum Thrust and Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2.2 Results for Thrust Load Applied to x-Direction . . . . . . . . 75
6.2.3 Results for Thrust Load Applied to y-Direction . . . . . . . . 79
6.3 Conclusion and Design Loads for Tower Components . . . . . . . . . 83
7 Dynamic Analyses of Wind Turbine Tower 86
7.1 Natural Frequency Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
ix
7.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.1.2 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.1.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8 Dynamic Analysis: Seismic Analysis 95
8.1 Evaulating Seismic Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.2 Transient Response (Time-history) Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.2.1 Direct Integration Vs. Modal Superposition Method . . . . . . 98
8.2.2 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.2.3 About Damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8.3 Response Spectrum Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.3.2 How Does It Work ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
8.3.3 Response Spectrum as Input Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
8.4 Results of Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.4.1 Result of Response Spectrum Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.4.2 Result of Transient Modal Dynamic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 119
8.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
List of Tables xix
1 Introduction 2
1.1 With Wind, Life Gets Better . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Just a Tower? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Small Wind Turbine (SWT) System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Cal Poly’s Small Wind Turbine Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.1 Cal Poly’s Small Wind Turbine (SWT) System Overview . . . 7
1.4.2 Project Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 Scope of This Thesis Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 Design of Wind Turbine Tower 13
2.1 Type of Wind Turbine Towers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
vi
2.1.1 Free-standing or Guy-wired . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.2 Lattice Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.3 Tubular Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.4 Hybrid Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.5 Tower Design Trend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2 Materials for Wind Turbine Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3 Height of Wind Turbine Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 Cal Poly’s Small Wind Turbine (SWT) Tower 19
3.1 Wind Turbine Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1.1 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1.2 Soil and Wind Characteristics of Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2 Design Features of Cal Poly’s Wind Turbine Tower . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3 Installation Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4 Wind Turbine Design Load 28
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2 DNV/RISO and IEC Guidelines for Load Determination . . . . . . . 30
4.2.1 Load Cases and Load Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.2.2 Methods for Determining Design Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
vii
4.2.3 Using Aeroelastic Method for Load Calculation . . . . . . . . 33
4.2.4 Using Simplified Load Equations for Load Calculation . . . . . 35
4.2.5 Determining Loads From Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3 Wind Loads Given by Cal Poly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3.1 Cal Poly’s Load Case for Tower Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3.2 Calculation of Maximum Thrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.4 Comparison and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5 Wind Turbine Tower Modeling for Finite Element Analysis 48
5.1 Finite Element Analyses Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.2 Finite Element Model of Wind Turbine Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.3 Modeling Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.4 Modeling Space and Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.5 Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.5.1 Beam Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.5.2 Using Beam Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.5.3 Shell Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.5.4 Using Shell Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.5.5 Using Mass and Rotary Inertia Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
viii
5.6 Joining the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.6.1 Multi Point Constraint (MPC) - Tie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.6.2 Multi Point Constraint (MPC) - Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.6.3 Multi Point Constraint (MPC) - Hinge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.7 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.8 Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6 Static Analyses of Wind Turbine Tower 68
6.1 Load Case: Installation (Tilt-up) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.1.2 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.1.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.2 Load Case: Maximum Thrust and Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2.2 Results for Thrust Load Applied to x-Direction . . . . . . . . 75
6.2.3 Results for Thrust Load Applied to y-Direction . . . . . . . . 79
6.3 Conclusion and Design Loads for Tower Components . . . . . . . . . 83
7 Dynamic Analyses of Wind Turbine Tower 86
7.1 Natural Frequency Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
ix
7.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.1.2 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.1.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8 Dynamic Analysis: Seismic Analysis 95
8.1 Evaulating Seismic Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.2 Transient Response (Time-history) Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.2.1 Direct Integration Vs. Modal Superposition Method . . . . . . 98
8.2.2 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.2.3 About Damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8.3 Response Spectrum Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.3.2 How Does It Work ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
8.3.3 Response Spectrum as Input Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
8.4 Results of Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.4.1 Result of Response Spectrum Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.4.2 Result of Transient Modal Dynamic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 119
8.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
0/5000
Danh sách nhân vật xiiDanh sách bảng xix1 giới thiệu 22.1 với gió, cuộc sống trở nên tốt hơn...................... . 21.2 chỉ một tháp? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 nhỏ Wind Turbine (SWT) hệ thống................... 51.4 Cal Poly dự án tua-bin gió nhỏ................. 71.4.1 Cal Poly nhỏ Wind Turbine (SWT) hệ thống tổng quan... 71.4.2 dự án tình trạng........................... 111.5 phạm vi của dự án luận án này...................... . 122 thiết kế của Wind Turbine Tower 132.1 loại tháp tua bin gió...................... 14vi2.1.1 Việt-đứng hoặc dây Guy................... 142.1.2 lưới tháp........................... 152.1.3 hình ống tháp.......................... 152.1.4 Hybrid Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162.1.5 xu hướng thiết kế tháp...................... . 162.2 tài liệu cho tua bin gió tháp........ 172.3 chiều cao của tháp tua bin gió...................... 173 Cal Poly nhỏ Wind Turbine (SWT) tháp 193.1 wind Turbine trang web............................ 193.1.1 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.1.2 Soil and Wind Characteristics of Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.2 Design Features of Cal Poly’s Wind Turbine Tower . . . . . . . . . . 213.3 Installation Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 Wind Turbine Design Load 284.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284.2 DNV/RISO and IEC Guidelines for Load Determination . . . . . . . 304.2.1 Load Cases and Load Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.2.2 Methods for Determining Design Loads . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32vii4.2.3 Using Aeroelastic Method for Load Calculation . . . . . . . . 334.2.4 Using Simplified Load Equations for Load Calculation . . . . . 354.2.5 Determining Loads From Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.3 Wind Loads Given by Cal Poly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.3.1 Cal Poly’s Load Case for Tower Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414.3.2 Calculation of Maximum Thrust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424.4 Comparison and Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 Wind Turbine Tower Modeling for Finite Element Analysis 485.1 Finite Element Analyses Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485.2 Finite Element Model of Wind Turbine Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495.3 Modeling Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515.4 Modeling Space and Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515.5 Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.5.1 Beam Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.5.2 Using Beam Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.5.3 Shell Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.5.4 Using Shell Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.5.5 Using Mass and Rotary Inertia Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
viii
5.6 Joining the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.6.1 Multi Point Constraint (MPC) - Tie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.6.2 Multi Point Constraint (MPC) - Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.6.3 Multi Point Constraint (MPC) - Hinge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.7 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.8 Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6 Static Analyses of Wind Turbine Tower 68
6.1 Load Case: Installation (Tilt-up) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.1.2 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.1.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.2 Load Case: Maximum Thrust and Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2.2 Results for Thrust Load Applied to x-Direction . . . . . . . . 75
6.2.3 Results for Thrust Load Applied to y-Direction . . . . . . . . 79
6.3 Conclusion and Design Loads for Tower Components . . . . . . . . . 83
7 Dynamic Analyses of Wind Turbine Tower 86
7.1 Natural Frequency Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
ix
7.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.1.2 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.1.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8 Dynamic Analysis: Seismic Analysis 95
8.1 Evaulating Seismic Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.2 Transient Response (Time-history) Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.2.1 Direct Integration Vs. Modal Superposition Method . . . . . . 98
8.2.2 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.2.3 About Damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8.3 Response Spectrum Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.3.2 How Does It Work ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
8.3.3 Response Spectrum as Input Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
8.4 Results of Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.4.1 Result of Response Spectrum Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.4.2 Result of Transient Modal Dynamic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 119
8.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.5.1 Beam Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.5.2 Using Beam Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.5.3 Shell Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.5.4 Using Shell Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.5.5 Using Mass and Rotary Inertia Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
viii
5.6 Joining the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.6.1 Multi Point Constraint (MPC) - Tie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.6.2 Multi Point Constraint (MPC) - Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.6.3 Multi Point Constraint (MPC) - Hinge . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.7 Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.8 Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6 Static Analyses of Wind Turbine Tower 68
6.1 Load Case: Installation (Tilt-up) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.1.2 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.1.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.2 Load Case: Maximum Thrust and Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2.2 Results for Thrust Load Applied to x-Direction . . . . . . . . 75
6.2.3 Results for Thrust Load Applied to y-Direction . . . . . . . . 79
6.3 Conclusion and Design Loads for Tower Components . . . . . . . . . 83
7 Dynamic Analyses of Wind Turbine Tower 86
7.1 Natural Frequency Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
ix
7.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.1.2 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.1.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8 Dynamic Analysis: Seismic Analysis 95
8.1 Evaulating Seismic Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.2 Transient Response (Time-history) Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.2.1 Direct Integration Vs. Modal Superposition Method . . . . . . 98
8.2.2 Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.2.3 About Damping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8.3 Response Spectrum Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.3.2 How Does It Work ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
8.3.3 Response Spectrum as Input Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
8.4 Results of Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.4.1 Result of Response Spectrum Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.4.2 Result of Transient Modal Dynamic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 119
8.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
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Danh mục các hình xii
Danh sách các bảng xix
1 Giới thiệu 2
1.1 Với Gió, Life Gets Better. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Chỉ cần một tháp? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 nhỏ tua bin gió (SWT) System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
dự án nhỏ Turbine gió Cal Poly của 1.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.1 Cal Poly của tua bin gió nhỏ (SWT) Tổng quan hệ thống. . . 7
1.4.2 Tình trạng dự án. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 Phạm vi của dự án luận án này. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 Design of Wind Turbine Tháp 13
2.1 Loại of Wind Turbine Towers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
vi
2.1.1 miễn phí-đứng hoặc Guy-dây. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.2 Lattice Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.3 Tubular Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.4 lai Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.5 Tháp Thiết kế Trend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2 Vật liệu dùng cho tua bin gió Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3 Chiều cao của tua bin gió Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 tua bin gió nhỏ (SWT) Tower 19 Cal Poly của
3.1 tua bin gió Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1.1 Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1.2 đất và gió Đặc điểm của trang web. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2 Thiết kế tính năng của tua bin gió Tháp Cal Poly của. . . . . . . . . . 21
Kế hoạch 3.3 Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4 gió Thiết kế Turbine tải 28
4.1 Giới thiệu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2 DNV / RISO và Hướng dẫn IEC Load Xác định. . . . . . . 30
4.2.1 Các trường hợp tải trọng và các loại Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.2.2 Các phương pháp xác định tải trọng thiết kế. . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
vii
4.2.3 Sử dụng Aeroelastic Phương pháp Load tính. . . . . . . . 33
4.2.4 Sử dụng đơn giản hóa phương trình Load để tải tính toán. . . . . 35
4.2.5 Xác định tải Từ đo. . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3 Tải trọng gió Given bởi Cal Poly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3.1 Cal Poly của tải Case cho Tháp Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3.2 Tính toán lực đẩy tối đa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.4 So sánh và kết luận. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5 tua bin gió Tháp mẫu cho phần tử hữu hạn phân tích 48
5.1 Phân tích phần tử hữu hạn Tổng quan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.2 Mô hình phần tử hữu hạn của tua bin gió Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.3 Mô hình giả định. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.4 Mô hình hóa không gian và Hệ tọa độ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.5 Các yếu tố. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.5.1 tia Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.5.2 Sử dụng tia Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.5.3 Shell Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.5.4 Sử dụng Shell Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.5.5 Sử dụng Thánh Lễ và Rotary Quán tính Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . 58
viii
5.6 Tham gia các yếu tố. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.6.1 đa điểm Constraint (MPC) - Tie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.6.2 đa điểm Constraint (MPC) - Beam. . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.6.3 đa điểm Constraint (MPC) - Bản lề. . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.7 Boundary Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.8 Material Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6 Phân tích tĩnh of Wind Turbine Tháp 68
6.1 Tải Case: Installation (Tilt-up). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.1.1 Giới thiệu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.1.2 Các giả định. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.1.3 Kết quả. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.2 Tải Case: Lực đẩy tối đa và Gravity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2.1 Giới thiệu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2.2 Kết quả cho tải Thrust Áp dụng cho x-Direction. . . . . . . . 75
6.2.3 Kết quả cho Thrust tải Áp dụng cho y-Direction. . . . . . . . 79
6.3 Kết luận và Thiết kế Tải trọng cho Tháp Components. . . . . . . . . 83
7 phân tích năng động của tua bin gió Tháp 86
7.1 Natural Frequency Extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
ix
7.1.1 Giới thiệu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.1.2 Lý thuyết. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.1.3 Kết quả. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8 phân tích năng động: Seismic Phân tích 95
8.1 Evaulating Seismic rủi ro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.2 Transient Response (Time-history) Phân tích. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.2.1 Tích hợp trực tiếp Vs. Modal Phương pháp xếp chồng. . . . . . 98
8.2.2 Đầu vào. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.2.3 Về Damping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8.3 Response Spectrum Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.3.1 Giới thiệu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.3.2 Làm thế nào không làm việc? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
8.3.3 Response Spectrum là Input Force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
8.4 Kết quả phân tích. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.4.1 Kết quả Response Spectrum Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.4.2 Kết quả Transient Modal động phân tích. . . . . . . . . . 119
8.5 Kết luận. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Danh sách các bảng xix
1 Giới thiệu 2
1.1 Với Gió, Life Gets Better. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Chỉ cần một tháp? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 nhỏ tua bin gió (SWT) System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
dự án nhỏ Turbine gió Cal Poly của 1.4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4.1 Cal Poly của tua bin gió nhỏ (SWT) Tổng quan hệ thống. . . 7
1.4.2 Tình trạng dự án. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 Phạm vi của dự án luận án này. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2 Design of Wind Turbine Tháp 13
2.1 Loại of Wind Turbine Towers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
vi
2.1.1 miễn phí-đứng hoặc Guy-dây. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.2 Lattice Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.3 Tubular Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.4 lai Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.5 Tháp Thiết kế Trend. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2 Vật liệu dùng cho tua bin gió Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3 Chiều cao của tua bin gió Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 tua bin gió nhỏ (SWT) Tower 19 Cal Poly của
3.1 tua bin gió Site. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1.1 Location. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.1.2 đất và gió Đặc điểm của trang web. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.2 Thiết kế tính năng của tua bin gió Tháp Cal Poly của. . . . . . . . . . 21
Kế hoạch 3.3 Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4 gió Thiết kế Turbine tải 28
4.1 Giới thiệu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.2 DNV / RISO và Hướng dẫn IEC Load Xác định. . . . . . . 30
4.2.1 Các trường hợp tải trọng và các loại Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.2.2 Các phương pháp xác định tải trọng thiết kế. . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
vii
4.2.3 Sử dụng Aeroelastic Phương pháp Load tính. . . . . . . . 33
4.2.4 Sử dụng đơn giản hóa phương trình Load để tải tính toán. . . . . 35
4.2.5 Xác định tải Từ đo. . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3 Tải trọng gió Given bởi Cal Poly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3.1 Cal Poly của tải Case cho Tháp Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.3.2 Tính toán lực đẩy tối đa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.4 So sánh và kết luận. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5 tua bin gió Tháp mẫu cho phần tử hữu hạn phân tích 48
5.1 Phân tích phần tử hữu hạn Tổng quan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.2 Mô hình phần tử hữu hạn của tua bin gió Tower. . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.3 Mô hình giả định. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.4 Mô hình hóa không gian và Hệ tọa độ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.5 Các yếu tố. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.5.1 tia Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.5.2 Sử dụng tia Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.5.3 Shell Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.5.4 Sử dụng Shell Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.5.5 Sử dụng Thánh Lễ và Rotary Quán tính Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . 58
viii
5.6 Tham gia các yếu tố. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.6.1 đa điểm Constraint (MPC) - Tie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
5.6.2 đa điểm Constraint (MPC) - Beam. . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5.6.3 đa điểm Constraint (MPC) - Bản lề. . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.7 Boundary Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
5.8 Material Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
6 Phân tích tĩnh of Wind Turbine Tháp 68
6.1 Tải Case: Installation (Tilt-up). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.1.1 Giới thiệu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
6.1.2 Các giả định. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6.1.3 Kết quả. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6.2 Tải Case: Lực đẩy tối đa và Gravity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2.1 Giới thiệu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2.2 Kết quả cho tải Thrust Áp dụng cho x-Direction. . . . . . . . 75
6.2.3 Kết quả cho Thrust tải Áp dụng cho y-Direction. . . . . . . . 79
6.3 Kết luận và Thiết kế Tải trọng cho Tháp Components. . . . . . . . . 83
7 phân tích năng động của tua bin gió Tháp 86
7.1 Natural Frequency Extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
ix
7.1.1 Giới thiệu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7.1.2 Lý thuyết. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
7.1.3 Kết quả. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
8 phân tích năng động: Seismic Phân tích 95
8.1 Evaulating Seismic rủi ro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
8.2 Transient Response (Time-history) Phân tích. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.2.1 Tích hợp trực tiếp Vs. Modal Phương pháp xếp chồng. . . . . . 98
8.2.2 Đầu vào. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
8.2.3 Về Damping. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
8.3 Response Spectrum Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.3.1 Giới thiệu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
8.3.2 Làm thế nào không làm việc? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
8.3.3 Response Spectrum là Input Force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
8.4 Kết quả phân tích. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.4.1 Kết quả Response Spectrum Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
8.4.2 Kết quả Transient Modal động phân tích. . . . . . . . . . 119
8.5 Kết luận. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
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