31. In the worst case, we send the a full window of size 7 and then wait for the acknowledgment of the whole window. We need to send 1000/7 ≈ 143 windows. We ignore the overhead due to the header and trailer. Transmission time for one window = 7000 bits / 1,000,000 bits = 7 ms Data frame trip time = 5000 km / 200,000 km = 25 ms ACK transmission time = 0 (It is usually negligible) ACK trip time = 5000 km / 200,000 km = 25 ms Delay for 1 window = 7 + 25 + 25 = 57 ms. Total delay = 143 × 57 ms = 8.151 s