An earth retaining structure is a landscapedevice used to accommodateabrupt grade changes which exceedthe natural angle of repose of the existingsoil (usually 33 to 37 degrees, or about 1 to1 .5). These devices include not only wallstructures, but also embankment reinforcingstructures such as rip-rap stone, fibermatting, and highly fibrous rooted plants.All such devices, regardless of their material,or shape, must be able to withstandearth pressures, and other related factorswhich typically cause structural failure, suchas vehicle loading, highway vibration (i .e.,live loading), and effects of extreme moistureconditions (e .g., heaving due to swellingand frost/thaw cycles) .
đang được dịch, vui lòng đợi..