Đại học MichiganTrung tâm ung thư toàn diệnĐa ngànhPhòng khám khối u ganHướng dẫn của một bệnh nhânUng thư ganHướng dẫn của một bệnh nhân ung thư gan © 2012 đại học của Trung tâm ung thư toàn diện MichiganIIGiải phẫu của hệ thống tiêu hóa & gan© 2012 đại học Michigan ung thư toàn diện Trung tâm hướng dẫn của một bệnh nhân ung thư ganIIIGiới thiệuCác bác sĩ và nhân viên chăm sóc sức khỏe toàn diện đại học MichiganTrung tâm ung thư đa ngành gan phòng khám tạo ra cuốn sách này giải thích ganung thư và các tùy chọn điều trị có sẵn cho bạn.Điều này không phải là một hướng dẫn toàn diện để lựa chọn điều trị-họ đang thay đổiHàng ngày. Thay vào đó, chúng tôi hy vọng hướng dẫn này sẽ giúp bạn di chuyển về phía trước với một công tysự hiểu biết về ung thư gan, làm thế nào nó được xử lý, và kinh nghiệm có thểbao gồm.Với thông tin này trong tay, bạn sẽ được chuẩn bị sẵn sàng để làm cho chu đáoquyết định cùng với đội ngũ y tế của bạn.Thông tin thêmBạn có thể tìm thêm thông tin về ung thư gan, và có được bản sao bổ sungcủa cuốn sách này tại các bệnh nhân giáo dục tài nguyên Trung tâm (from web PERC) nằm trên cấp độB1 của tòa nhà Trung tâm ung thư.Hướng dẫn của một bệnh nhân ung thư gan © 2012 đại học của Trung tâm ung thư toàn diện MichiganIV© 2012 đại học Michigan ung thư toàn diện Trung tâm hướng dẫn của một bệnh nhân ung thư ganvBảng nội dungI. chuẩn bị: Thông tin để giúp bạn đưa ra quyết định điều trịA. gan ở đâu? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1B. What does the liver do?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2C. What is cancer and how does it affect the liver?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2D. How common is liver cancer and who is at risk?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3E. Is liver cancer hereditary? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4F. What are the symptoms of liver cancer?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4G. How is liver cancer diagnosed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4H. Are there different kinds of liver cancer?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6I. What is tumor staging? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7J. What will be done in the initial evaluation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8II. TREATMENT: Information about the treatment of liver cancerA. What are the treatment options?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11B. How does a patient decide on treatment?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12C. What factors affect prognosis, recovery and treatment options? . . . . . . . . . . . 12D. When is surgery a treatment for liver cancer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131. Surgical resection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132. Liver transplant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15E. When surgery is not an option. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161. Radiofrequency ablation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162. Chemoembolization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173. Radioembolization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19F. What is chemotherapy?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20G. How does chemotherapy work? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20H. When is chemotherapy a treatment for liver cancer? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21I. Clinical trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25III. MEETING OBSTACLES: Information to help managephysical and emotional challengesA. When to call the doctor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27B. Recognizing ascites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28C. Encephalopathy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29D. Esophageal Varices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29A Patient’s Guide to Liver Cancer ©2012 University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer CenterviE. Nutrition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30F. What can be done for itching and yellowing of the skin (jaundice)? . . . . . . . . . 32G. What can be done to treat pain? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33H. What can be done to prevent and treat constipation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37I. How do I cope with my feelings?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38IV. RESOURCES: Information about resources available atU-M and in the communityA. Support and Information Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41B. Note Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43C. Important Phone Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45D. To reach a doctor for medical problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46D. Maps & Other Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . provided in back pocketIllustration:Anatomy of digestive system and liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iiFigure #1: Anatomy of the liver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Figure #2: Scar from an open liver resection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Figure #3: Incision areas of a laparoscopic liver resection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Figure #4: Radiofrequency ablation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Figure #5: Chemoembolization procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Table:Table #1: Overview of Sarafenib Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Table #2: Overview of Gemcitabine Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24PREPARING1©2012 University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center A Patient’s Guide to Liver CancerAbout Liver CancerWhere is the liver located?The liver is the largest solid organ in the human body and plays a vitalrole in regulating many life processes. In an average adult the liver weighsapproximately three pounds and is about the size of a football. It is located inthe right side of the body, just under the right lung, and is protected by the ribcage. The liver is shaped like a pyramid and is divided into right and left lobes.Unlike most other organs, the liver gets blood from 2 sources. The hepatic
artery supplies the liver with blood that is rich in oxygen, and it is about 20% of
the blood supply. The portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the intestines
to the liver, and is about 80% of the blood supply to the liver.
Figure 1. Anatomy of the liver
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A Patient’s Guide to Liver Cancer ©2012 University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center
What does the liver do?
The liver plays a major role in the composition and circulation of blood;
therefore, it impacts all body systems. Some of the liver’s many jobs include:
• Making proteins to help blood clot to stop bleeding if you
are cut or injured
• Clearing some wastes from the body,
• Making bile, a yellowish-green fluid needed for digestion and
absorption of food and vitamins
• Breaking down and storing many of the nutrients that are absorbed
from food by the intestines
• Storing vitamins, minerals and iron
• Purifying blood by breaking down and removing medications and
poisons, such as alcohol and nicotine
• Making hormones, proteins and enzymes
What is cancer and how does it affect the liver?
Normal cells grow, divide, and die in a controlled fashion that is regulated
in the body. Cancer is a disease where cells divide and grow in an abnormal,
poorly controlled manner. In cancer, the balance of cell growth and death is
disturbed.
Cells that continue to grow and divide unchecked become a malignant mass or
tumor that can affect how an organ works. The original site of the abnormal
cell growth is called the cancer’s primary site. In liver cancer, the primary site is
the liver. Even when the liver cancer is found in areas outside the liver, such as
the lung, the disease is still called liver cancer.
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©2012 University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center A Patient’s Guide to Liver Cancer
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Abnormal or unchecked cells can also grow to invade nearby organs and
structures. Cancer cells spread and invade organs by traveling to other
structures in the body by way of the lymphatic system and the blood stream.
This spreading is called metastasis.
How common is liver cancer and who is at risk?
The American Cancer Society estimates that 24,120 men and women were
diagnosed with primary liver cancer in 2010. This cancer is more common in
men than women and is usually found in people over the age of 60.
Some factors that increase the risk of liver cancer are:
• Cirrhosis – a disease of the liver that is caused by liver cells being
damaged and replaced by scar tissue. It can be caused by alcohol
abuse, chronic infection via hepatitis B and C, fatty liver, primary
sclerosing cholangi
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