Alternative Experimental DesignsIt is not easy to devise an experiment that is both well controlled and enlightening.Control of every possible confound is rarely achievable. Moreover, because psychological experiments typically use living beings, ethical and practical considerations limit thekinds of manipulations one can do (Nagy, 2011) (see PsychWatch on page 42). Thusclinical researchers must often settle for experimental designs that are less than ideal. Themost common such variations are the quasi-experimental design, the natural experiment,the analogue experiment, and the single-subject experiment.
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