2. Detergent Powder IngredientsThe wash process is a complex kinetic process and typically consists of the following steps that occur either sequentially or in parallel: water treatment, soaking and/or swelling of the clothes in the detergent solution, physical and/or chemical dirt removal, stabilisation of the removed soils in the wash solution and the rinsing of soils and chemicals from the wash load. In addition, modern detergents also include ingredients to deliver benefits such as softness and freshness. Given the numerous wash conditions, e.g. water hardness, water temperature, soak time, agitation level, product dosage, soil type and level and amount of clothes, laundry detergent formulations are complex and contain several different types of ingredients. These are typically classified into: surface active agents (or surfactants), builders and other additives such as bleach systems, enzymes, polymers, foam regulators and fragrances. Detailed discussion of the various ingredients and their performance aspects can be found in various specialised books [1-4]. This section briefly summarises some of the common ingredients in detergent powders and their properties of relevance to the manufacture of free-flowing detergent powders via granulation.
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