Botosan (2004) argues that it is difficult to measure faithful representation directly by only assessing the annual report, since information about the actual economic phenomenon is necessary to assure faithful representation. According to Maines and Wahlen (2006), however, estimates and assumptions that closely correspond to the underlying economic constructs the standards pursue can enhance faithful representation. Therefore, we focus on items in the annual report that increase the probability of faithfully represented information. These items do not always directly refer to the US GAAP or IFRS, yet they provide an indirect proxy of faithful representation of financial reporting information prepared in accordance with certain accounting standards.
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