1839-1937), American industrialist.

1839-1937), American industrialist. Rockefeller was born in Richford, New York, on July 8, 1839, and educated in the public schools of Cleveland, Ohio. He became a bookkeeper in Cleveland at the age of 16. In 1862 he went into business with entrepreneur Henry Flagler and with Samuel Andrews, the inventor of an inexpensive process for the refinement of crude petroleum. In 1870 their firm, Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler, changed its name to the Standard Oil Company, often referred to as the Standard Oil Company of Ohio. Rockefeller, his brother William, Andrews, and Flagler ran the business.
In early 1872 Rockefeller helped form the" South Improvement Company," an association that unified many oil refiners in Cleveland with the "Standard Oil Company." Since" Standard Oil "used railroads daily to transport huge amounts of cargo, Rockefeller was able to make a deal with railroad conductors that would profit both industries. Railroad companies decided to set high freight rates but agreed to award substantial rebates for members of the" South Improvement Company". This plan prevented price wars among railroad companies and forced smaller oil refiners to go out of business if they didn’t join the association. After three months of much public protest, the railroad companies and Rockefeller’s group cancelled their deal. However, most of Rockefeller's competitors in Cleveland had already been forced to sell out to the "Standard Oil Company." By 1878 "Standard Oil" also owned the major refineries in New York City; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
In 1882 Rockefeller and his partners formed the first corporate trust, "Standard Oil Trust", to merge many oil businesses throughout the United States into a single company. Rockefeller soon controlled 90 percent of the oil refineries in the country. Journalists, small oil refiners, and many others heavily criticized Standard Oil for monopolizing the industry. In 1892 the "Ohio Supreme Court" ordered the "Standard Oil Company "of Ohio to separate from the trust and become an independent business. As a result, the trust dissolved and Rockefeller and his associates reorganized and consolidated the "Standard Oil" conglomerate into 20 businesses.
After the reorganization, "Standard Oil Company "of New Jersey, which was founded as part of the trust in 1882, became the largest" Standard Oil Corporation". In 1892 it was renamed" Standard Oil Company" (New Jersey), often referred to as" Jersey Standard". "Jersey Standard" became the sole holding company for all of "Standard Oil" in 1899. However, in 1911 the "Supreme Court" of the United States ruled that "Standard Oil" had continued to act as a monopoly. The Court’s antitrust ruling forced all of the Standard Oil companies to become independent businesses. That year Rockefeller, at age 72, retired as president of" Standard Oil".
At its peak, Rockefeller's personal fortune was estimated at almost $1 billion. The total amount of his philanthropic contributions was about $550 million; about 80 percent of these funds were given to four charitable organizations founded by Rockefeller. These were the "Rockefeller Foundation"; the "General Education Board"; the "Rockefeller Institute" for Medical Research (now Rockefeller University); and the "Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial", established in 1918 and incorporated into the "Rockefeller Foundation" in 1929. Rockefeller died at Ormond Beach, Florida, on May 23, 1937.

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1839-1937), nhà công nghiệp người Mỹ. Rockefeller được sinh ra ở Richford, New York, ngày 8 tháng 7 năm 1839, và học ở trường công lập ở Cleveland, Ohio. Ông trở thành một nhân viên kế toán ở Cleveland lúc 16 tuổi. Năm 1862, ông đã đi vào kinh doanh với doanh nghiệp Henry Flagler và với Samuel Andrews, nhà phát minh của một quá trình không tốn kém để sàng lọc dầu thô. Năm 1870 của công ty, Rockefeller, Andrews & Flagler, đổi tên thành công ty dầu tiêu chuẩn, thường được gọi là các công ty dầu tiêu chuẩn của Ohio. Rockefeller, ông anh trai William, Andrews và Flagler chạy các doanh nghiệp.Vào đầu năm 1872 Rockefeller đã giúp hình thức các "Nam cải thiện công ty," một hiệp hội thống nhất nhiều dầu refiners ở Cleveland với các "tiêu chuẩn công ty dầu." "Kể từ khi Standard Oil"sử dụng đường sắt hàng ngày để vận chuyển một lượng lớn các hàng hóa, Rockefeller đã có thể làm cho một thỏa thuận với dây dẫn đường sắt nào lợi nhuận cả hai ngành công nghiệp. Công ty đường sắt đã quyết định thiết lập mức vận chuyển cao nhưng đã đồng ý để giải thưởng giảm giá đáng kể cho các thành viên của "Nam cải thiện công ty". Kế hoạch này ngăn cản cuộc chiến tranh giá giữa công ty đường sắt và buộc nhỏ hơn dầu refiners để đi ra khỏi kinh doanh nếu họ không tham gia các Hiệp hội. Sau ba tháng của nhiều cuộc biểu tình công cộng, các công ty đường sắt và Rockefeller của nhóm hủy bỏ thỏa thuận của họ. Tuy nhiên, hầu hết các đối thủ cạnh tranh của Rockefeller ở Cleveland đã đã bị buộc phải bán cho các "tiêu chuẩn công ty dầu." Bởi 1878 "Standard Oil" cũng thuộc sở hữu nhà máy lọc dầu lớn trong thành phố New York; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; và Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.In 1882 Rockefeller and his partners formed the first corporate trust, "Standard Oil Trust", to merge many oil businesses throughout the United States into a single company. Rockefeller soon controlled 90 percent of the oil refineries in the country. Journalists, small oil refiners, and many others heavily criticized Standard Oil for monopolizing the industry. In 1892 the "Ohio Supreme Court" ordered the "Standard Oil Company "of Ohio to separate from the trust and become an independent business. As a result, the trust dissolved and Rockefeller and his associates reorganized and consolidated the "Standard Oil" conglomerate into 20 businesses. After the reorganization, "Standard Oil Company "of New Jersey, which was founded as part of the trust in 1882, became the largest" Standard Oil Corporation". In 1892 it was renamed" Standard Oil Company" (New Jersey), often referred to as" Jersey Standard". "Jersey Standard" became the sole holding company for all of "Standard Oil" in 1899. However, in 1911 the "Supreme Court" of the United States ruled that "Standard Oil" had continued to act as a monopoly. The Court’s antitrust ruling forced all of the Standard Oil companies to become independent businesses. That year Rockefeller, at age 72, retired as president of" Standard Oil".At its peak, Rockefeller's personal fortune was estimated at almost $1 billion. The total amount of his philanthropic contributions was about $550 million; about 80 percent of these funds were given to four charitable organizations founded by Rockefeller. These were the "Rockefeller Foundation"; the "General Education Board"; the "Rockefeller Institute" for Medical Research (now Rockefeller University); and the "Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial", established in 1918 and incorporated into the "Rockefeller Foundation" in 1929. Rockefeller died at Ormond Beach, Florida, on May 23, 1937.