Trade and economic ties are expected to grow further with the conclusion of the TPP, but major hurdles remain. On the U.S. side, these include the classification of Vietnam as a nonmarket economy and the pursuit of protectionist measures targeting Vietnamese seafood exports to the United States.On the Vietnamese side, these include the ability to comply with future TPP provisions and labor rights standards, improve transparency in the economic decisionmaking pro- cess, and ensure that the country’s infrastructure can keep pace with the influx of foreign direct investment (FDI). The economic component of the partnership will not flourish unless these issues are addressed. Political, security, and defense cooperation have emerged as another successful area of cooperation. Since the early 2000s, bilateral security and defense ties have been character- ized by frequent high-level visits between the two countries’ officials and regular policy- level discussions on bilateral and regional issues.
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