After the successive falls of Phnom Penh, Saigon and Vientiane into communist hands in 1975, “intimate relationships” among the three independent countries seemed natural for Vietnamese elites. However, Vietnam’s idea of an Indochina bound together by a common identity was rejected by the Khmer Rouge ultra-nationalists, China and the West. Given the ideational overlap between Vietnam and Indochina, anti-Indochinese positions are not very far from anti-Vietnameseness in Vietnamese mind. Vietnam’s conception of self had been extended to embrace Indochina, “othering” those hostile to the natural Indochinese identity.
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