3. IMPACT OF FREQUENCY DEVIATIONS ON POWER PLANT AND ON POWER SYSTEM OPERATION3.1 IMPACT OF FREQUENCY DEVIATIONS ON POWER SYSTEM OPERATION3.1.1. PARTICULARITY OF THE PHENOMENABased on observations over the last few years we can define the inter-hour frequency deviations as a typical phenomenon for all systems, independently of their total power or geographic dimensions, but having one common characteristic: the development of a market mechanism with corresponding market rules and according to the system unbundling strategy separation between generation, transmission and distribution. The frequency deviations occur in the same manner, for the same time period of year and day. These observations lead to the conclusion that this phenomenon is deterministic and has a determinant cause.The main characteristics of deterministic frequency deviations are: typical moment of occurrence, duration and value.From the point of view of time behaviour, the frequency deviations observed in the last few years occur in a deterministic way at a fixed hour, i.e. on the hour. Occasional but less significant variations were registered quarterly and half hourly. The most significant times of occurrence are noticed at the fixed hours: 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 21:00, 22:00, and 23:00 CET and coincide with the large changes within the system load.The duration of the behaviour observed is usually: t ± 10 minutes centred on fixed hour (total 20 min),The dynamic behaviour of frequency is systematically monitored in Continental Europe. These statistical results confirm a continuous increase of gradient values df/dt and its occurrence. Values greater than 1.5 mHz/s are more and more present. Comparing with the usual frequency gradient df/dt occurring in the case of more than 1,000 MW unit tripping, 6-8 mHz/s it can be concluded that the dynamic evolution of frequency around the change of the hour should be also taken into account in dynamic studies of generation (classical and renewable).Regarding the magnitude of phenomena, the frequency deviations have amplitudes more than 100 mHz peak to peak, usually centred on the 50 Hz system frequency setpoint. The amplitude increases in winter months, and a part of them remains unnoticed due to fact that in absolute terms the normal frequency variations are in the range of ± 50 mHz within the Continental Europe system. Even then the frequency amplitude variations at change of the hour are higher than frequency drops occurred when outages of large power plants happen (approx. 40 mHz).In the long term (e.g. with respect to daily average), frequency behaviour is quite normal, due to the fact that the event starts and ends in a stable process: in 50 Hz ±20 mHz range.The shape of frequency deviations follows the load evolution. When the load increases (morning) the frequency deviation starts with an increase; conversely in the evening,
when the load evolution decreases, the frequency deviation starts with a decrease, see
Figure 3.1.
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