This book is particularly concerned with hydrodynamic cavitation, i.e. cavitationin flowing liquids. This includes flows through Venturi nozzles, in narrow passages(e.g. hydraulic valves) or around wings or propeller blades.However, cavitation can also occur in a static or nearly static liquid. When anoscillating pressure field is applied over the free surface of a liquid contained in areservoir, cavitation bubbles may appear within the liquid bulk if the oscillationamplitude is large enough. This type of cavitation is known as acoustic cavitation.A further example of cavitation in a liquid almost at rest is the sudden and rapidacceleration of a solid body with sharp edges (such as a disk) in still water. Bubblescan appear close to these edges almost instantaneously, whereas the velocity of theliquid itself remains negligible.The above definition of cavitation introduces the concept of a pressure threshold,beneath which liquid cohesion is no longer ensured. Ideally, the threshold wouldbe determined from physical considerations on a microscopic scale. Taking intoaccount the actual state of scientific knowledge, together with the need for practicalsolutions to often complicated industrial systems, it is more useful to refer only tomacroscopic fluid properties.A simple everyday example is that of a syringe. Correct filling requires the pistonmotion to be relatively slow, otherwise, the liquid column breaks and the fillingstops. Because of head losses inside the needle, the pressure within the syringe
drops below the atmospheric value. The pressure difference increases with piston
velocity. Furthermore, at the syringe inlet, where the flow is a submerged liquid
jet, additional turbulent pressure fluctuations occur. Both mechanisms contribute to a reduction in local pressure, possibly to a value below the vapor pressure of the
liquid, thus producing vapor. A similar phenomenon can be found in volumetric
pumps for fuel injection in engines. Head losses and rapid acceleration of the
liquid column can result in low pressures, causing cavitation and consequent
partial filling of the chamber.
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