Sodium, magnesium, and calcium sulfates are salts commonly found in the alkali soils and groundwaters of the Western United States. These sulfates react chemically with the hydrated lime and hydrated aluminate in cement paste and form calcium sulfate and calcium sulfoaluminate. The volume of these reaction by products is greater than the volume of the cement paste from which they are formed, causing disruption of the concrete from expansion. Type V portland cement, which has a low calcium aluminate content, is highly resistant to sulfate reaction and attack and should be specified when it is recognized that concrete must be exposed to soil and groundwater sulfates. See table 2 of the Concrete Manual (Bureau of Reclamation, 1975) for guidance on materials and mixture proportions for concretes exposed to sulfate environments. Concrete that is undergoing active deterioration and damage due to sulfate exposure can sometimes be helped by application of a thin polymer concrete overlay (section 33) or concrete sealing compounds (sections 35 and 38). Alternate wetting and drying cycles accelerate sulfate deterioration, and some slowing of the rate of deterioration can be accomplished by interrupting the cyclic wetting and drying. Procedures for eliminating or removing waterborne sulfates are also helpful if this is the source of the sulfates. Otherwise, the deteriorating concrete should be monitored for removal and replacement with concrete constructed of type V cement, when appropriate.
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